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CINCINNATI ZOO 


Quide 


All Information on Animals and Birds 
Contained in This Book Compiled By 

SOL A. STEPHAN 

General Manager Cincinnati Zoological Park Association 


T 


Thrice 2j cents 


Published by 

Cincinnati Zoological Park Association 

CINCINNATI, OHIO 












The unveiling of the above Memorial to Mr. Andrew Erken- 
brecher, founder of the Cincinnati Zoological Garden, took 
place at the Zoo on July 31st, 1924, with appropriate public 
exercises under the auspices of the Program of Progress and 
Historic Sites Committees of the Cincinnati Chamber of 
Commerce. , : 



Copyright, 1924 

by Cincinnati Zoological Park Association 
Cincinnati, Ohio 

Second edition published November, 1924 


The privilege to publish any of the 
material in this book can be obtained 
by writing to Cincinnati Zdological 
Park Association 

©C1A808706 

NOV -8 ?4 

1 / • 



PREFACE 


T HE object of this book is to enable the visitor to make an 
intelligent tour of the Zoological Garden, and to impart 
interesting information concerning the animal and bird collections 
and other features therein contained. Preliminary to a consider¬ 
ation of the various departments, a few observations on Zoology 
are presented. Phe description of the Garden, as now constituted, 
then follows, taking up each house and enclosure separately. Phis 
method, it is believed, is less confusing to the visitor than an attempt 
to describe the specimens under a Zoological outline. Phe reason for 
this is that it is often necessary, for economic or other prudential 
reasons, to place specimens in one department that naturally belong 
in another. Phus departments are constantly overlapping and do 
not conform to the departments of an outline of Zoology. But the 
student of Zoology will be in no danger of losing his way on this 
account. Phis guide locates the specimens in the various buildings 
and enclosures, and in the pursuit of the systematic study of 
Zoology the student can go from department to department, guide¬ 
book in hand, and easily find that for which he seeks, classifying 
his observations as he goes. 

Of course, in a book like this, it is not possible to be minutely 
descriptive, and so the author has aimed to tell as simply as 
possible what the attractions of the Garden are and where they may 
be found, and give a description on a scientific basis, of the 
character and habits of many animals, birds and reptiles, with the 
hope that something may be found within the covers of the volume 
that will inspire more than one visitor to take up the careful study 
of Zoology — a branch of science not only extremely interesting, 
but one of the most useful, as its study trains to habits of close 
observation and brings us “near to Nature's heart." 

A brief history of the Zoological Garden from its opening in 




f$75, down to 1923, is also contained in this book, as is also a 
general statement of the various entertainment features and other 
attractions to be enjoyed during the summer months. 

—SOL A. STEPHAN 


[iv] 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Zoology.vii 

General Information. x 

Diagram of Grounds. .facing page i 

Guide to the Zoological Garden. i 

The Llama Park. 2 

The Deer Parks. 3 

Monkey House. 6 

Pheasant and Fowl Enclosure. 14 

The Aviaries. 23 

The Pony and Elephant Track. 34 

The Carnivora Building. 35 

Large Fowl Enclosure. 46 

Camel Enclosure. 48 

Beaver Pond. 49 

The Wolf Dens. 50 

The Ostrich House. 5 2 

The Bear Pits. 59 

Fox House. 63 

The Buffalo Range. 64 

The Badger Cage. 65 

Alligator Basin. 66 

The Foundation of the Zoo. 67 

The Prairie Dog Village. 68 

The Sea Lion Basin. 69 

The Raccoon Tree. 7 ° 

Kemper Log Cabin. . 7 2 

Summer Reptile Cage. 73 

The Squirrel Cage. 75 

Winter Quarters. 75 

The Carp Pond. 7 ^ 


[v] 


































CONTENTS ( Continued ) 


PAGE 

Zebu Yards. 79 

Woodchuck and Skunk Cage. 79 

The Owl House. 79 

The Eagle Cage. 80 

Automobile Entrance. 84 

Herbivora Building. 84 

The Center Lake. 96 

Entertainment Features.101 

Restaurant Facilities.102 

History of the Zoo.106 

Index.125 















ZOOLOGY 


HE present state of Zoological Science gives the original 



JL divisions of which the animal kingdom is composed; 
they are as follows: 

Vertebrates — The highest and most important branch of the 
animal kingdom, embracing all animals that have a back¬ 
bone. 

Mollnsca — Are animals which have soft bodies enclosed 
in a muscular skin, the majority being protected by a shell, as 
the oyster, mussels, cuttle fishes, snails and slugs. 

Articulates — Are jointed animals, comprising crabs, lob¬ 
sters, worms and insects. 

The term Zoology includes the whole of the animal kingdom, 
besides which different departments have received particular 
names as Ornithology, for birds; Ichthyology, for fishes; Ento¬ 
mology, for insects and Conchology, for the soft-bodied animals. 

The Vertebrates include all animals which have a bony or 
cartilaginous axis, called spinal column. Our Zoological col¬ 
lection is only represented by the first division, namely, the 
Vertebrates, which comprise five great classes, as follows: 

First, Mammalia , all those animals which suckle their young 
by means of breasts. 

Second, Aves, or birds. 

Third, Reptilia , comprising animals that creep, as serpents, 
lizards and turtles. 

Fourth, Batrachia , animals resembling both reptiles and fish 
but which are destitute of scales, as frogs, toads, salamanders 
and newts. 

Fifth, Pisces , or fishes. 




SOL A. STEPHAN 


T HE photograph opposite, is that of Mr. Sol A. Stephan, 
general manager of the Zoo. Mr. Stephan in his early life 
was connected with a circus, and arrived at the Cincinnati Zoo 
on the day of its opening, September 18, 1875, bringing an 
elephant to the Zoo, which had been purchased from the circus 
with which he was connected. He was supposed to stay with the 
elephant for three days, until its new keeper could be instructed 
as to its care. In fact, Mr. Stephan had signed a contract to go 
to South America with the circus, and was supposed to sail from 
New York within several weeks after his arrival here. Difficulties 
w T ere encountered, however, in the care of the elephant, and 
everv man whom the Zoo officials at that time tried to train to 
become its keeper was afraid of it. Mr. Stephan was induced to 
stay a few days longer, from time to time, and, as is well known, 
has been connected with the Zoological Garden ever since the 
time of his arrival on the opening day. On the day of the open¬ 
ing of the Zoo, the only animals on exhibition in addition to the 
elephant were a tiger and a blind hyena. None of the buildings 
was completed, and the few animals here were then stored in 
crates. 

Mr. Stephan, by reason of his long training and experience, 
is recognized throughout the world as an expert in all matters 
pertaining to animals, and his advice is constantly being sought 
by those who have perplexing animal problems to solve. It is 
the privilege of but few men to see an enterprise grow under 
their supervision from its inception until it has reached a place 
in its development where it is recognized as one of the best of 
its kind in the world, and this privilege has been given to Mr. 
Stephan through his long connection with the Cincinnati 
Zoological Garden. — c. G. M. 


t via j 
























GENERAL INFORMATION 

OF INTEREST TO ZOO VISITORS 

The Zoo is open every day of the year 

STREET CAR SERVICE. The Zoo-Eden Park, Lockland and 
Glendale Car Lines pass directly in front of the Zoo entrance. 
An additional line, known as the Hartwell Junction Line, also 
operates past the Zoo during the period known as the morning 
and evening rush hours. In addition, during the summer 
months the Vine Zoo-Chester Car Line operates in the evening 
and on Sunday afternoons directly up Vine Street past the Zoo 
entrance. 

AUTOMOBILES. Automobiles are admitted free and parked 
free inside the Zoo grounds during the summer months. During 
the rainy weather automobiles are permitted to drive to the 
Club House to receive and discharge their passengers. The 
automobile entrance is one square east of the main entrance on 
Erkenbrecher Avenue. During the remainder of the year, 
automobiles may be parked in the lot directly opposite the 
main entrance to the Zoo. 

ADMISSION RATES. The regular admission is 25 cents for 
adults and 10 cents for children between the ages of four and 
fourteen years. Coupon books of twenty-five adult admission 
tickets are sold for $5.00, making a reduced single admission rate 
of 20 cents. The coupons in these books are transferable and 
good if detached. Two children are admitted on one of these 
coupons. The books are honored for admission until March 31st 
of the year following their purchase. Advance tickets at the 
regular price may be purchased at the Zoo office by those 
desiring to send their friends Zoo admission tickets. Special 
rates are made to the public and parochial schools, Sunday 
schools and outing parties. Information concerning special 
rates may be secured on application to the business manager at 
the Zoo office. 

GO-CARTS. Go-carts can be rented at the entrance for any 
length of time during the day or evening at 25 cents, each. 

WHEEL CHAIRS. Wheel chairs can be secured at the Zoo 


entrance that will be found very advantageous for those desiring 
to see the Zoo without walking over the entire area. The price 
of these chairs is 25 cents per hour. 

UMBRELLAS. Umbrellas may be rented or purchased at the 
Zoo entrance. 

CHECK ROOM. Parcels may be checked at the Zoo entrance 
or Sun Parlor at any time or at the Club House during the 
summer months. A charge of 10 cents is made for checking. 

LOST ARTICLES. Lost articles when found by Zoo employees 
will be delivered to the office at the main entrance. Lost articles 
found by patrons should be left at the main entrance, with the 
name and address of the finder, and if same are not called for 
by the owner within thirty days, they may be secured by the 
finder on request. 

LOST CHILDREN. Lost children will be brought to the main 
office at the entrance, where parents will find them properly 
cared for. 

ACCIDENTS. Every precaution is taken by the management 
to avoid accidents, but in case of an injury or accident, however 
trivial, full details should be reported promptly at the main 
office at the entrance. 


[ XI ] 







PASTURE 
























































































CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



GUIDE TO THE 
ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN 


( Corrected according to the present arrangement of the Garden ) 

On account of the new specimens being added to the collec¬ 
tion from time to time, it will be necessary at times to change 
an animal to another location in the Garden. 

Visitors are kindly requested not to molest the flowers or 
shrubbery or to deface any of the buildings. 

All cages are labeled with the name of the animals they con¬ 
tain. The Latin name is also shown, as this is in accordance 
with a uniform practice among scientists. 

Feeding times of the animals during the summer months are: 
pelicans, 4.3 0 p * M *> eagles, 5-°° p - lions, 4.10 p. m.; bears, 

4.20 p. m.; sea lions, 4.30 p. m. 

A list of duplicate animals or birds for sale may be had from 
Mr. S. A. Stephan, general manager. 





CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Llama 


THE LLAMA PARK 

Llama. Immediately after passing the turnstiles at the main 
entrance, the visitor’s attention is directed to the Llama Park 
on the left, in which may be seen several fine specimens of the 
Llama (Llama glama). The term llama was formerly used to 
designate a group of animals in South America closely allied, 
and including two domesticated varieties and two wild varieties. 
The specimens at the Zoo belong to one of the domestic varie¬ 
ties, and what the horse, the ox, the goat and the sheep are to the 
Old World, this species of llama, with its kindred domestic 
species, was to the southern continent and the New World. 
They are variable in size and color, sometimes brown, black 
and white in color. They are about four feet in height and attain 
their full size at the age of five years. They remain strong and 
vigorous until about the tenth year, after which they begin to 
decline. 


[ * ] 



CIN,CIN f NA;TI ZpO GUjIDE 



White Fallow Deer 


THE DEER PARKS 

White Fallow or Albino Deer (Dama vulgaris alba). When 
full grown this deer is pure white and has palmated horns like 
the black fallow deer. The young of this variety are fawn 
color. 

Black Fallow Deer (Dama vulgaris ). This deer is a native of 
northern Europe. It is rarely found wild in the forests; nearly 
all are bred in parks. Its color is usually a deep blackish- 
brown in winter, and in summer a light red. It is liable to 
variation in color, however. The buck has palmated horns, 
which it sheds every year. 

Axis Deer (Cervus axis). One of the handsomest of the spot¬ 
ted deer, being a rich golden brown color with white spots. 
These deer are plentiful in India. They are not as hardy as the 
fallow deer, and can not withstand the severe winters as a 
native deer does. 

[ 3 ] 








CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 








CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Elk 


Elk. Adjoining the Axis Deer Y ard is the Elk Park, which covers 
about an acre of ground and usually contains six or seven fine 
specimens of the Wapiti or American Elk (Cervus canadensis). 
As the visitor continues his tour over the grounds, he will find 
representatives of other species. The American elk represented 
in this enclosure corresponds to the stag, which is hunted by 
royalty in Europe. It is the handsomest and the largest deer in 
this country except the moose. 

Like all of the deer family, the male elk sheds his antlers 
every year in March, and it requires over 115 days for the new 
antlers to reach their full growth again. The large buck in this 
herd weighs over 650 pounds. There are still left in the United 
States about 26,000 elk, and of these more than 18,000 are 
located in Jackson Hole in Wyoming and Yellowstone National 
Park. 


[ 5 ] 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



MONKEY HOUSE 

Directly opposite the Elk Enclosure is the Monkey House. 
This is a large, round building, which is built of stone, iron and 
glass. It is sixty feet in diameter, and the distance from the floor to 
the large glass dome in the center of the roof is forty feet. This 
building was completely remodeled in 1922. The sixteen cages 
are each provided with a large skylight to assure an abundance 
of sunlight, which is necessary for the health of the animals. The 
interior walls are of reinforced concrete. The most modern types 
of ventilation and heating systems have been installed. The 
heating system will maintain an even temperature of seventy 
degrees. The floors of the cages are paved with a special brick 
composed partly of cork and asphalt. The cork insures the 
proper degree of warmth required for the monkeys. The floors 
at the same time can be kept clean and sanitary at all times. 
Another important feature of this building is the completely 
equipped hospital on the north side of the building, where not 
only the monkeys, but all other small animals and birds of the 













CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


Zoo can be given proper surgical and medical attention. There 
are over two hundred species of monkeys and apes known; 
two-thirds belong to Africa and India, and sixty-four belong to 
America. 

The primates form that order of the class of mammals that 
approach most nearly to man. In fact, if only his bodily struc¬ 
ture is considered, and no account of his intellect is taken, man 
himself must be included among the primates. To the primates 
belong all the members of the ape tribe, the monkeys and the 
lemurs. Their home is, as a rule, in the dense forests of tropical 
countries, very few being found in the colder regions of the 
earth. The visitor will find a large and varied collection of 
monkeys in this building. The following is a list of the monkeys 
usually found in the collection: 

Rhodesian Baboon ( Papio Rhodesiae) 

Mona Monkey ( Cercopithecus mona) 

Green Monkey ( Cercopithecus callitrichus) 

Campbell’s Monkey ( Cercopithecus campbelli) 

Pig-tailed Monkey ( Macacus nemestrinus ) 

Macaque Monkey ( Macacus cynomolgus) 

Vervet Monkey ( Cercopithecus lalandii ) 

Black Spider Monkey (. Atelese ater ) 

White-throated Capuchin ( Cebus hypoleucus ) 

Arabian Baboon (Cynocephalus hamadryas ) 

Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus) 

Mandrill (Cynocephalus mormon) 

Drill (Cynocephalus leucophaeus ) 

Brown Capuchin {Cebusfatuellus) 

Ruffed Lemur {Lemur varius) 

Rhesus Monkey {Macacus rhesus ) 

Anubis Baboon {Cynocephalus anubis ). 

The animals of the monkey tribe stand at the head of the 
division Mammalia. 

Chimpanzee {Anthropopithecus troglodytes) , kept in the Car¬ 
nivora Building. The most intelligent of all the man-like apes, 
the chimpanzee, is found on the west coast of Africa. They have 
no tail, no cheek pouches, a low forehead, large ears, and attain 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Chimpanzee 

a height of four and one-half feet. Their hair is long and black, 
their legs and feet brown, and their face and nose a dirty flesh 
color. When on the ground they walk on the knuckles of their 
hands. They spend much of their time on the ground, though 
often ascend trees to gather wild fruits, etc. 

Chimpanzees are a great attraction in all Zoological Gardens 
possessing them, but it has been exceedingly difficult to keep 
them in captivity more than three or four years. The Cincinnati 
Garden endeavors to have one or more chimpanzees in its 
collection at all times, and the chimpanzee cage is located in 
the Carnivora Building on account of the need of all the cages 
in the Monkey House for other specimens. 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


Tarzan, a former chimpanzee, proved a great attraction at 
the Cincinnati Zoo. He died in 1921. After two years’ corre¬ 
spondence with several animal dealers, a very fine female has 
just been secured and named Queen. She is being trained, and 
will in a short time be one of the main attractions in the 
collection. 

The Gorilla (Troglodytes Gorilla). This is the largest and 
fiercest of the man-like apes and wonderful stories are told of 
its ferocity. Gorillas live in families in western Equatorial 
Africa. Their average height is five feet, six inches, their legs 
are short, their arms are disproportionately long, their hair is 
not so long as the chimpanzee. They stay on the ground more 
than the chimpanzee, though at night they sleep in the trees in 
rudely constructed couches. They avoid encounter, but when 
attacked are dangerous. When scared by man, the gorilla 
“sends forth a howl or furious yelp, stands up like an enraged 
bear, and advances with clumsy gait in this position to attack 
his enemy. The hair on his head and the nape of his neck stands 
erect, his teeth are displayed, and his eyes flash with savage 
fury.” 

Orang-Outang (Simla satyrus). The orang-outang is found 
exclusively in Borneo and Sumatra, in the swampy coast 
forests. It usually attains a height of four feet four inches. Its 
legs are very short and its arms are exceedingly long. It is 
extremely hideous in appearance, owing to the projections on 
its jaws and the callosities on its cheeks. It is of chestnut color, 
darkening here and there into brown, and the hair of the face 
is lighter than that of the body. It lives principally on fruit. 

THE GIBBONS (Hylobates agilis ) 

These are species of long-armed apes found in southeastern 
Asia and the Indian Archipelago. There are a number of species. 
They feed on vegetation. They are remarkable for the length of 
their arms, which are so long that they reach the ground when 
standing erect. They have no tail and no cheek pouches. 

We now come to the second division of the Old World 
monkeys. 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


THE SEMNOPITHECINAE 

These are a class of monkeys possessed of very long tails, and 
are found in both Asia and Africa. 

The Sooty Mangabey ( Cercocebus fulinginoisus). Also be¬ 
longs to this division. Its name indicates its color and it has 
white eyelids. It is lively and active, and one of the best cage 
monkeys. 

The Proboscis Monkey ( Semnipithecus nasalis). So called 
because of its long nose, and many other varieties are included 
in this class. 

The remaining genera of the Old World monkeys are included 
in a sub-family, Cynopithecinae. These monkeys are well rep¬ 
resented in the collection. 

Mona Monkey ( Cercopithecus mono). One of the most notable. 
This is a native of West Africa. It is one of the most cunning and 
active monkeys known, and when tamed and permitted to run 
at large around the house, does many mischievous tricks. It can 
untie knots and search pockets with a delicacy of touch not 
equalled by the most adroit thief. It is always gentle and 
playful and likes to be caressed. 

The Vervet ( Cercopithecus lalandii). A native of South Africa, 
and feeds on the gum of the acacia. Its fur is greyish-green and 
it has black hands, feet and face. These monkeys are often seen 
in confinement. 

The Green Monkey ( Cercopithecus callitrichus ). Famed from 
Senegal to the Niger. Its color is dark green. It is apparently 
voiceless. At least it utters no sound in confinement. 

The Pig-tailed Monkey ( Macacus nemestrinus). Found in the 
Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra, Borneo and Java. It is said 
that in Sumatra the natives train the monkeys to climb cocoa- 
nut trees and gather the fruit. This is only one of the numerous 
varieties of the macacus monkey, which has a head bearing 
some resemblance to that of the baboon. They are easily 
domesticated and are always represented in the collection. 

The Arabian Baboon ( Cynocephalus hamadryus). This animal 

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Pig-Tailed Monkey 


generally measures about four feet in height when standing 
straight, and two feet when in a sitting posture. A long, shaggy 
mane covers the head, neck and front of the body; while on the 
hips, thighs and legs the hair has the appearance of being 
clipped. This animal is not susceptible to kindness and can not 
be tamed. They are more common in Abyssinia and Soudan 
than Arabia. 

The Guinea Baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx). This frequently 
has a representative at the Garden. The color is yellowish brown, 
shaded with sandy tints. The eyelids are white, the hairless 
parts black, and the tail about half the length of the body. 

Mandrill (Cynocephalus mormon). This animal when grown is 








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remarkable for its variety of color. Its cheeks are deeply fur¬ 
rowed and are of a deep blue color, a narrow, blood-colored 
ridge extends down the middle of the face and terminates in the 
nose. When standing upright the mandrill is from three to four 
feet in height. When full grown it is an exceedingly fierce 
animal. This baboon is a native of West Africa. 

Anubis Baboon {Cynocephalus anubis). When full grown they 
are powerful animals. With their large canine teeth, great 
strength and courage, they have been known to defend them¬ 
selves against the leopards, jackals and hyenas. They live 
mostly on the ground. In captivity their food consists mostly 
of vegetables. 

The Cebidae, or the New World Monkeys, are generally well 
represented in the collection. One of the most interesting of 
these animals is the Black Spider Monkey (. Ateles ater). This 
belongs to the genus Ateles , this name being given to them 
because of their long and slender limbs, and their long tail, so 
powerful that its grasp can sustain indefinitely the weight of 
the entire body. The tail serves as a fifth hand, enabling it to 
secure objects otherwise out of reach. It is extremely sensitive 
to cold, and when chilly is in the habit of wrapping its tail 
around its body. It does not live long in captivity. It is an 
inhabitant of Central America. 

The Capuchin Monkeys. Among those in the collection are 
the White-throated ( Cebus hypoleucus ), the Brown Capuchin 
0 Cebus fatullus ), and the Weeper Capuchin ( Cebus capucinus). 
These monkeys are so called because their heads, covered with 
hair, resemble a monk’s cowl. This is the kind of monkey 
usually found with the ever-present and persistent organ 
grinder. The weeper capuchin is so called because its eyes are 
continually suffused with tears. 

The Pinche Monkey {Midas oedipus) from Brazil. This little 
creature is called the lion monkey because its face is framed in 
a mass of hair giving it the resemblance of a lion. 

The Marmosets ( Hapale-hacchus ). These animals are very 
small, the largest being about the size of a squirrel. Like the 
latter lively animals, its motions are quick. They live in trees 

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and eat fruit. They are very hard to keep in captivity, but a few 
are usually found in the collection. There are several different 
species. 

Lemurs. These animals resemble monkeys in some respects, 
but they are not really monkeys; neither can they be classed 
among the true quadrupeds. They have sharp foxy-looking 
heads, large staring eyes, and nostrils at the extremity of the 
snout, like those of the cat. The tail is never prehensible. Their 
habits are nocturnal, the name “Lemur” signifying “A Night- 
Wandering Ghost.” They are all natives of Madagascar. Among 
the lemurs in the collection are the Black-Headed temur 
(Lemur brunneus ) and the Ruffed Lemur (Lemur varius). 

The Kinkajou (.Potos caudivolvulus). This is a small animal of 
nocturnal habits. It does all its food hunting at night. It is 
somewhat like a lemur in appearance. Its color is yellowish 
brown. It lives in the trees and has a prehensile tail. 



White or Albino Raccoon 


[ 13 ] 








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WHITE OR ALBINO RACCOON 

There are generally three or four specimens of the white or 
albino raccoons to be found in a cage just outside the west 
entrance of the Monkey House. It is claimed that the white 
raccoon is merely a color variety, the young sometimes found 
in a litter being gray and white. 

PHEASANT AND FOWL ENCLOSURE 

Leaving the Monkey House by the west door, the visitor will 
next direct his attention to the Pheasant and Water Fowl 
Enclosure, which embraces about three-fourths of an acre of 
ground, enclosed by a high fence of wire netting, with a pond 
near the center of the enclosure. In this yard are confined a large 
variety of pheasants and fancy ducks, including mandarin 
ducks, wood ducks, Japanese teal, green and blue-winged teal, 
pintail mallard, ruddy sheldrake, American widgeon, black 
swans, egrets, ibis, and jim, the talking crow. 

The birds in this enclosure are deeply interesting, and many 
of them are very beautiful. Three orders of birds are represented 
in this enclosure: The egrets and ibis and night heron repre¬ 
sent the order Hefodiones. The ducks, teals, sheldrakes, etc. 
represent the order Anseres. The pheasants represent the order 
G allin ae. 

The Pheasants. These beautiful birds embrace a number of 
varieties. Their original home is China and the Himalayas. 
In the collection are found the gorgeous golden pheasant, 
the equally ornate amherst pheasant, the beautiful silver 
pheasant, the magnificent peacock pheasant, the rufous-tailed, 
the ring-necked and the rare purple kaleege pheasants, the 
versicolor pheasant, the cabot tragopan pheasant and the 
magnificent reeves pheasant, whose tail feathers measure 
nearly five feet in length. 

White Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). This beautiful bird belongs to 
the pheasant family. Frequently it is shown in this enclosure. 
This bird is a native of Asia. Several white peafowls are raised 
in the Garden every year, and the surplus are sold or exchanged 
for other birds. r , 


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IVkite Peafowl 


Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). This specie comes from Aus¬ 
tralia. The black swan is similar in its form to the white swan, 
but is somewhat smaller in size. Every part of its plumage is 
perfectly black, with the exception of the white primary 
feathers. Its bill is of a bright red above and crossed at the 
anterior part by a whitish band. The legs and feet are of a dull 
ash color. 

The Ruddy Sheldrake (Tadorna casarca). Native of Europe 
and Africa. This bird has a brilliant plumage and derives its 
nickname “Sly Goose” from its habit of feigning lameness in 
order to decoy intruders from the vicinity of its nest. After 
getting them a safe distance away, it spreads its wings and flies. 

Marabou Stork (Leptoptilus crumenijerus). The marabou will 
be easily recognized by its long, thick bill and a large bare pouch 
hanging from the lower part of its neck and which hangs loose 
and flabby except when the bird desires to inflate it. In its 
native country it wages successful war upon the many venomous 
reptiles which it finds, and also performs a part similar to that 
which is taken by the black vulture in our Southern States. Its 
lower white feathers or plumes are much prized. 

Stork. This bird has been celebrated in song and story for 

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many decades. Its natural home is in Africa, while it is an 
annual visitor of Europe. It migrates there every year from its 
winter quarters in Africa. There are two varieties in this 
enclosure: The white stork and the black stork, which is more 
rare. It attains a great age, and one lived here twenty-five 
years. All storks feed on fish. 

White Egret (Herodias egretta). It is found in the southern 
portions of America, and frequently in the marshy lowlands of 
Florida. It feeds on frogs, fish and small animals. It is a hand¬ 
some bird and quite conspicuous because of its snowy plumage. 

Ducks. Several varieties are always in this enclosure. One of 
the most notable is the Mallard Duck {Anas boschas). This 
familiar duck is the original from which most all the varieties of 

[ 16 ] 





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Stork 


our domestic ducks have sprung. This bird is common through¬ 
out the whole of North America. As wild fowls are mostly all mi¬ 
gratory, they go north in summer and south in winter.The favor¬ 
ite breeding places for the wild ducks are the numerous intricate 
windings of the lakes of Minnesota and the northwest territory, 
where they are found in vast numbers in June and July. 

The Wood Duck or Summer Duck {Axis sponsd). This is one 
of the most beautiful of our American ducks. This bird seldom 
associates in flocks of more than eight or ten. It lives mostly 
on grain, several aquatic plants, beech-mast and snails. It does 
not appear, however, to be one of those which invariably 
migrate north in summer. Towards March the flock separates 
and they pair off. Its nest is frequently made in old hollow trees 

[ 17 ] 




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overhanging the water. When the young are all hatched, the 
female carries them one by one in her bill to the water. 

The Pintail Duck (Defila acuta). This duck derives its name 
from its long-pointed tail feathers. It is a winter visitor of 
moderate climates, arriving in October and departing in the 
spring. The male is most elegantly marked. Its head and neck 
are a rich dark brown, its back is beautifully penciled with 
black on a gray ground; the throat, breast and abdomen are 
snowy white; a line of the same color runs up the sides of the 
neck to the head. The length of this bird is about twenty 
inches. The pintail duck is frequently seen in company with 
mallards, teal and widgeons on creeks and ponds. 

The Mandarin Duck {Axis galericulata). This is the most 
beautiful, in appearance, of all the ducks. It is a native of China 
and Japan. They are as much admired in China for the beauty 
of their plumage as they are in Europe. In the markets at 
Canton they may be seen in cages for sale, and are sold at from 
$ 6.00 to $10.00 per pair. In the month of June the male bird 
loses his fine crest and brilliant colors. In the next three months 
he assumes a brown mottled color, very much resembling his 
mate. Like the wood duck, this bird nests in hollow trees. 

Blue-Winged Teal (Querquedula discors). This is one of the 
smallest American fresh water ducks. During the migration it is 
abundant in the Missouri region. Some hunters claim it breeds 
there. This duck is the first to return to us from the north in the 
fall. It flies rapidly, and when it alights it drops down suddenly 
like the woodcock. 

Demoiselle Crane (.Anthropoides virgo). This is a handsome 
little crane from Africa, two and a half feet in height. This bird 
is also called secretary crane. It derives its name from the 
white feathers which extend back of the eyes, with the exception 
of the head, neck and breast, which are a deep black gray; the 
general tint of the plumage is blue gray. In captivity, it is a very 
playful bird, jumping about, flapping its wings and bowing its 
head in a graceful manner. 

The Secretary Bird {Serpentarius secretarius). This bird is a 
native of South Africa. A genus of birds of prey, which has been 


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variously placed by naturalists among the Falconidae and Vul- 
turidae , while it differs from hawks and owls in having feet 
incapable of grasping, and very long legs. It feeds chiefly on 
reptiles of all kinds. It fearlessly attacks the most venomous 
serpents and uses its feet to kill them by striking violent blows 


Secretary Bird 

on the head. It also stuns them by striking with its long wings 
which are armed on the elbow joint with a blunt spur. These 
birds are fed fish and meat in captivity. They are fed live 
snakes once a week to keep them in healthy condition. 

The Crested Screamer (Chauna cristata). Screamers inhabit 
the swamps of South America. They have unwebbed feet, and 
are nearly allied to the geese. The wings are armed with two 
large spurs on each wing, supposed to be useful in defense 
against snakes and animals. They are very capable of domesti¬ 
cation. A pair of these birds has recently been received. 

The Wood Ibis (‘Tantalus loculator). This name is given to a 



CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Crested Screamer 


curious group of birds, of which there are several species. The 
most famous, from a historical standpoint, is the sacred ibis, 
which is a native of Africa. It is about the size of a common fowl, 
and the ancient Egyptians held this bird sacred. There are two 
specimens in the collection. The wood ibis from Florida and 
the Scarlet Ibis (Ibis rubra), a native of South America. Its 
color is a bright scarlet. 

The Sand Hill Crane ( Grus mexicana). Somewhat smaller 
than the African crane. At one time quite common out west on 
the prairies, but now they are mostly found in Florida. 

The Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). North and Central 
America, is the largest of all the herons. 

The Night Heron ( Nycticorax naevinus). Quite common in the 
Eastern and Southern States. 

The Little Blue Heron (.Florida caerulea ). 





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Sand Hill Crane 

The Boat-Billed Heron ( Cancroma cochlearia). From South 
America. 

The Egyptian Goose ( Chenalopex aegyptiaca). From Africa. 

The Mute Swan ( Cygnus olor). From Europe. 

The Crested Curassow ( Crax alector). From Central America. 

The Razor-Bill Curassow ( Mitu mitu). A different variety 
from the above bird. It has a red, wax-like bill, the upper mandi- 



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Mute Swan 



Razor-Bill Curassow 









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Blue Heron 


ble of which resembles a short inverted razor blade. The plum¬ 
age of this bird is a brilliant black. 

The curassows are more nearly related to the turkeys. 

The Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber). The flamingos are 
natives of the warmer parts of the world. They are usually 
observed in flocks on the salt marshes, where one, it is said, 
acts as sentinel, while the others are feeding. They are shy birds, 
and have a handsome scarlet or rosy plumage. The usual form 
of their bill enables them to search for small shell-fish and other 
small animals in the sand or marshes. The scarlet color soon 
fades out while in captivity. They do not live long in a collection. 

THE AVIARIES 

Leaving the Pheasant and Fowl Enclosure, the visitor will re¬ 
turn to the Aviaries opposite them. There are seven pretty 
stone buildings, connected by outside summer cages covered 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



with wire. The buildings are each eighteen by twenty feet, and 
the summer cages are the same in size. Here are housed hun¬ 
dreds of the finest and most valuable birds, including some rare 
and beautiful birds from Australia. It is not possible in the limits 
of this Guide Book to enumerate and describe all the birds 
in this collection. Attention is called, however, to the more 
attractive specimens. The visitor will find a large number and 
variety of small birds belonging to the order Passeres. 

ORDER PASSERES 

The birds of this order have four toes on nearly the same level 
and the hind toe directly opposite, thus giving great facility for 
perching. Among the specimens of this order usually found in 
the collection are English and American robins, thrushes, cat 
birds, blue birds, chewinks, yellow-hammers, finches, nutmeg 
birds, waxbills, African silverbills, weaver birds, Java sparrows, 
indigo birds, nonpareils, canary birds, gros-beaks, cardinals, 
orioles, cow-birds, troupials, starlings, larks, sparrows, black¬ 
birds, magpies, crows, etc. 

[ 24 ] 





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The Finch Family. A very large one, including in it the bunt¬ 
ing, the larks, the tanagers, and the weaver birds. Canary 
birds are also included in this family. They have a hard bill 
adapted for shelling and eating seeds. They build nests remark¬ 
able for their artistic beauty. 

The Java Sparrow is a large finch found in Java and is quite 
popular as a cage bird. 

Indigo Finch ( Cyanospiza cyanea). This bird has a changeable 
color and is very pretty. In the summer months the color of the 
male is a bright indigo; later in the season it becomes blue, and 
towards winter it changes to a light green. 

The Nonpareil Finch ( Cyanospiza ciris). Belongs to the 
Southern States. It is in great demand because of the beauty of 
its plumage and the sweetness of its song. It thrives well in 
captivity. 

Cardinal Grosbeak ( Cardinalis virginiana). The color of this 
bird is a bright carmine, and it has an elongated crest of the 
same color. It is found in the eastern part of the United States 
and is a fine singer. 

Buntings. There are several varieties: Yellow hammers, bunt¬ 
ing larks, reed buntings, cirl buntings, ortolans, etc. They 
are common in all parts of the world, and are distinguished by 
their sharp conical bills. 

The Reed Bird ( Dolichonyx oryzivorus). A frequenter of 
marshes and rice fields of the south. It possesses considerable 
cunning, as is evident by the fact that when its nest is disturbed 
it pretends lameness in order to draw the enemy away. 

Thrushes. There are many varieties of thrushes and they are 
usually remarkable for their melody of song and their powers. 
Most notable of the members of the thrush family are the 
following: 

Mocking Bird ( Mimus polyglottus). There are few songs or 
sounds that it does not imitate so perfectly as to deceive the 
most experienced ear. 

The Cat Bird ( Mimus carolinensis). This is a bird of modest 

[ ^5 ] 


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plumage, found in the United States and southern Canada. 
Though quite a mimic, it has an original and pleasing song of 
its own. It sometimes sings for an hour without cessation. It 
feeds on insects which it seizes in the air and near the ground, 
like a flycatcher. 

The Song Thrush ( 'Turdus musicus ), Europe. This bird stands 
in high favor among British birds, we are told. It sings a great 
part of the year, and its song is particularly pleasing; being 
rich, mellow, prolonged, pure in intonation and varied in notes. 

The Hermit Thrush (Turdus solitarius). This is one of the 
most conspicuous members of the thrush family, and is really a 
pretty bird. It migrates with other thrushes. Its song is flute¬ 
like and sweet. Early settlers, in the Adirondacks called the 
hermit thrush “The Swamp Angel.” 

The Wood Thrush (. Hylocichla mustelina ) is also represented 
in the collection. 

European Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris). It really is a good 
mimic and may be taught to talk. The size of the starling is 
about that of the thrush. Seen at a distance it is apparently 
black, but a nearer view reveals the fact that its plumage is 
beautifully streaked with green, purple and steel-blue. 

The Weaver Birds. There are a large number of weaver birds 
in the collection, including the red-beaked, the olive, the red¬ 
faced, the orange, and the black-bellied. They inhabit Africa 
and India. 

The Sociable Weaver Birds, South Africa. Build their nests 
in large mimosa trees. Several hundred of these nests will be 
found under one general roof. Sometimes the weight of one of 
these aerial cities becomes too great for the tree to support and 
it gives way. They then desert their nests and build on other 
trees. 

Blackbirds, orioles and their kindred, form the link between 
the finches and crows. One of the most prominent is the: 

European Blackbird (XUrdus merula) of Europe This is 
another constant singer, and likewise a clever mimic. It does 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 

not stand in high favor with gardeners, who think it robs them 
of their fruit. 

The Yellow-Headed Blackbird (.Xanthocephalus icteroceph- 
alus). This bird is found in southern North America. Its head, 
neck, throat and breast are yellow, but the rest of its plumage 
is black. Its habits are terrestrial. It is often seen in company 
with the cowbird, running about with the cattle. 

The Purple Grackle (Quiscalus). This is nothing more or less 
than a common blackbird, with which every school child in this 
country is familiar. 

The Cow-Bird ( Molothrus ater). This is a wicked little bird. It 
seems to have no conception of the principles of right, justice 
and morality. It lays in the nests of other birds, and its offspring 
being larger, obtain the greater amount of food and its foster 
companions soon smother or starve. 

The Orchard Oriole ( Icterus spurius). This bird is an insect 
eater, but also has a fancy for vegetation. It wages efficient war 
upon plant lice, beetles, rose slugs and cabbage worms. 

The Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) is a veritable fiend for 
cherries. 

The American Robin (.Planesticus migratorius) . Most people, 
if at all observant, are familiar with this bird, whose cheery, 
hearty song is so frequently heard. 

The Chewink or Ground Robin (. Pipilo erythropthalmus ). 
Has a clear, ringing song, the peculiarity of which gives it the 
nickname “Towhee.” Its nest is large and always concealed by 
underbrush. It is called ground robin because it builds its nest 
on the ground. 

The Magpie ( Pica hudsonia). One of the most amusing birds 
in captivity is the magpie, who is always gay and rollicking in 
his good humor — which resembles in its effervescence that of 
the plantation darkey. He is a “natural born thief” and robs 
other birds’ nests with impunity. He keeps in well-wooded 
districts, and out of the way of hawks, which are his deadly 
enemy. His plumage is white and black. 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


The Bullock’s Magpie Jay from Mexico. An elegant bird, 
closely resembling the European species. 

ORDER PICARLAE 

The members of this order are quite numerous, and, though 
very dissimilar in form, possess a sufficient number of similar 
characteristics to warrant placing them in the same ordinal 
rank. Among the most conspicuous of the order are the members 
of the parrot family, which are well represented in the Aviaries. 
The gaudy plumage of the parrot, and its marvelous powers of 
mimicry, have attracted the attention of mankind for centuries. 
It is one of the most extensive of bird families, having nine 
branches, forty-five genera, and no less than four hundred and 
forty-two species. Parrots are most abundant in tropical 
regions, but one species ranges far north ki America. There are 
a great many species in Australia. They can be recognized by 
the shape of their beaks, which are very large, with the upper 
mandibles very much curved and hanging over the lower. The 
tongue is thick and short. The wings and tail are generally long. 
The macaws have tails of great length, and in most of the 
parrakeets it is longer than the body. They differ very much in 
size, some of the species being two feet long, while others, as, 
for example, the love-birds, are but a few inches. Their voices 
are harsh. One of the most familiar members of the parrot 
family is: 

The Green Parrot (Chrysotis levaillanti ). It is quite common 
as a cage bird. It is the most intelligent of the parrots, and 
readily learns to repeat phrases and expressions which it hears. 
It is attractive because of its brilliant, green plumage, which 
makes it quite conspicuous against a dry branch, but serves to 
conceal it in green foliage. There are several beautiful specimens 
in the collection, including the yellow-fronted, white-fronted, 
yellow-cheeked, and white-cheeked varieties. 

The Golden Bolivia Parrot (Chrysotis flava). Remarkable 
for its plumage, which is a rich, golden yellow, the wing 
feathers being dark green. It is found in South America. 

The Grand Eclectus (Eclectus roratus). Always attracts great 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


attention on account of its rich and beautiful coloring. Its color 
is deep scarlet, the tail feathers being tipped with golden yellow. 
It inhabits the Moluccas and other islands. 

Ihe Macaws. Natives of Central and South America, and 
remarkable for their great size. In captivity they feed on fruits, 
corn, hemp and sunflower seed. They fly at great elevations, 
and are fond of aerial evolutions. They are usually found in 
pairs, but sometimes assemble in flocks, when they are always 
in a conversational mood and grow quite noisy. 

The collection has a large number of macaws, including: 

The Red and Yellow Macaw (. Ara macao) 

The Red and Blue Macaw (Ara chloroptera) 

The Blue and Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna ) 

The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) 

The Glaucous Macaw (Ara glauca). 

The Cockatoos. A large variety of these birds is always found 
in the collection. Their grotesque actions, their apparent self¬ 
esteem and their cry “Cockatoo” make them very amusing. 
Among those usually found at the Zoo are the Slender-Billed 
Cockatoo (Licmetis nasicus ), the Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua 
roseicapilla ), the Lessor Sulphur Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua 
sulphurea ), the Great Sulphur Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua 
galerita ), the Rose-Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua maluccensis). 
The Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri) is a remark¬ 
ably handsome bird. It was named in honor of the naturalist 
who first brought it to Europe. Its crest is crossed with white, 
yellow and crimson, and it can raise it over its head like a fan. 
It is a native also of Australia. 

The Parrakeets. The small members of the parrot family are 
called parrakeets. The Carolina parrakeet was the only specie 
found in the United States. Up to twenty years ago they were 
abundant in the Southern States, but are now extinct. Its 
greatest enemy was its curiosity. If one of a flock was killed by 
the plume hunters, the others would alight to see what had 
happened. Thus they were readily shot by the hunters. Among 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



the parrakeets usually found in the aviaries, are the Grass 
Parrakeet ( Melopsittacus undulatus ), the Rosehill Parrakeet 
(.Platycercus eximius ), the Passerine Parrakeet ( Psittacula 
passerina)^ Swainson’s Lorikeet ( c Trichoglossus novaehollandiae ), 
Pennant’s Parrakeet ( Plalycercus elegans ), the Blood-Rumped 
Parrakeet ( Psephotus haematonotus) . With the exception of 
the Carolina Parrakeet ( Conuropsis carolinensis ), the other 
parrakeets are found in Australia. 

The Pied Hornbill (. Anthracoceros malabaricus). These large 
birds inhabit parts of East India. Hornbills differ from the 
toucans in having a double bill. Perhaps there is no other bird 
that amazes the visitor more than when the hornbill is seen for 


Cockatoo 

[ 3 ° ] 






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the first time, with its enormous bill. They bear a considerable 
resemblance to the toucans of South America. At the present 
time there is a fine specimen of the pied hornbill in the collection. 



Pied Hornbill 


The Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus). A large, heavy 
bird with a bill fourteen inches long, and two and one-half 
inches thick at the base. Its bill has a helmet. The color of the 
hornbill is dull black. Its food consists of both animal and 
vegetable substance. It is fond of rats and mice. Catching them, 
it presses them flat in a peculiar manner with its bill, then 
tosses them up in the air, and as they descend, catches them 
and swallows them whole. This species inhabits Africa. 

The Toco Toucan (Rhamphastos tucanus). It is about die size 
and shape of a jackdaw, and has a large flat head to support its 
enormous bill. It is easily tamed and will eat almost anything 
offered it. It builds its nests in the holes of trees. It is a native 
of Guinea and Brazil. 

The Giant Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Derives its name 
from its cry, which resembles a hoarse laugh, more startling 
than the cry of a hyena. It is a bird of considerable size, being 


[ 3 1 1 







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about fourteen inches long. The novice traveling in Australia 
will become thoroughly frightened at hearing its cry. It is 
inquisitive and will approach a camp fire and set up its peculiar, 
abrupt cry. Under such circumstances it is frequently shot, 
cooked and eaten. Owing to the fact that it is more noisy at 
sunset and sunrise, it is sometimes called “The Settler’s Clock.” 
In captivity the kingfisher feeds on chopped beef and occasion¬ 
ally, live mice. 

ORDER COLUMBAE 

Pigeons and Doves. The pigeon family is supposed to be 
widely distributed over almost all parts of the world, containing 
over 248 species. Formerly one of the best known pigeons was 
the Wild or Passenger Pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius). This 
specie has become extinct, though a score of years ago they 
were common in this country, appearing in flocks numbering 
hundreds and thousands. One peculiarity of pigeons is that 
they drink, while other birds scoop up the water, and then 
raising their bills, swallow it. 

The last known living passenger pigeon was hatched in the 
Cincinnati Zoo in 1888, and died on September 1st, 1914, and 
was presented to the Smithsonian Institute, where it was 
mounted and is now on exhibition. 

The Wonga Pigeon (Leucosarcia picata). This pigeon is much 
larger than our common pigeon. It seldom breeds in captivity. 
Australia has twenty-five specimens of pigeons. 

The Crowned Pigeon ( Goura coronata). Most conspicuous 
because of its size and stately mien. Its fine crest is always 
expanded. It has a deep and uniform slate-blue color. It is a 
native of Java, New Guinea and the Moluccas. 

The Nicobar Pigeon ( Calloenas nicobarice). Another notable 
species. It inhabits the Philippine Islands. It has long feathers 
on the neck and breast, forming a collar. Its general plumage is 
green, and its tail feathers are white. 

The Blood-Breasted Pigeon ( Phlogaenas luzonica ), of the 
Philippine Islands. 

Besides the above-mentioned pigeons, blue-headed pigeons, 
spotted pigeons, crested pigeons, white-crowned pigeons, fan- 

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Passenger Pigeon 




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tailed pigeons, European forest pigeons, and several other 
varieties are usually to be found in the collection. 

ORDER GALLINAE 

This order, which, as said on a previous page, has a number 
of representatives in the Pheasant and Fowl Enclosure, is also 
well represented in the Aviaries. It includes pheasants, par¬ 
tridges, peafowls, guinea fowls, etc. Among the pheasants 
usually found here are the golden, the silver, the common, the 
rufus-tailed, the purple kaleege, the ring-necked, the am- 
herst’s, the horned tragophan, the rieves, the peacocks, etc. 

Partridges. It is to this family that our common quail belongs. 
Everyone is familiar with “Bob White.” The species in the 
collection usually include the scaled blue partridges, the 
mountain partridges, and the California valley partridges. 

The Crested Cariama (Cariama cristata).A bird isolated from 
the other species. It is found in South America. It stands two 
feet or more in height, is gray above and dull white beneath. 
Its legs are red. The skin around its large, yellow eye is greenish- 
blue. Its food is almost exclusively animal. One of the species 
has a horned protruberance on the head and runs with poultry, 
which it defends from rapacious birds. 

THE PONY AND ELEPHANT TRACK 

In the tour of the Park next comes the Pony and Elephant 
Tracks. Here are kept from twenty to twenty-five ponies and 
donkeys, including a number of beautiful Shetland Ponies. 
There are a number of pony carts and phaetons also, and the 
children greatly enjoy a canter around the track, seated upon 
a pony, or a drive in one of the carts or phaetons. Nearby is a 
nice little summer amphitheater where visitors may rest and 
watch the fun that is always going on in this department. The 
pony track is oblong, and the distance around is a quarter of a 
mile. 

Lil. The large female Indian elephant, is about eighty years 
old. She was purchased from a circus and is considered one of 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


the best tempered animals in captivity. She is at times found at 
the Pony Track, in charge of her keeper. 



THE CARNIVORA BUILDING 

Opposite Aviary No. 7 will be found a magnificent build¬ 
ing of stone and iron, known as the Carnivora Building, 
though as a matter of convenience a number of animals that are 
not carnivorous will usually be found there. This building is 125 
feet long and 60 feet wide. The building contains sixteen 
indoor and eight outdoor cages. 

Among the most notable animals ot the carnivorous nature 
found in this building are a number of species of the 

FAMILY FELIDAE 

The members of this family begin with the ordinary house 
cat and culminate, so far as strength, size, magnificence and 
ferocity are concerned, in the lion which haunts the jungles of 
Asia and Africa. So far as structure, characteristics and habits 

[35 ] 








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of life are concerned, there is but little difference. On the 
contrary, the cat, the leopard, the jaguar, the tiger and the lion 
possess so many similar characteristics of form and action that 
they are included together, with other close kin among animals 
in one great family — the cat tribe. Of a strictly carnivorous 
nature, relentlessly destructive in their methods of obtaining 
food, the structure is of that character that enables them to 
gratify the merciless instincts of their nature. The house cat 
waits in hiding for the mouse, and seeing it, pounces upon it, 
kills it and devours it. The leopard, the tiger, the lion pursue 
exactly similar methods in surprising, capturing and killing 
their prey. And nature has supplied them with all the essentials 
of structure for so doing. Their bones, though fitted for the 
attachment of a powerful muscular organism, are light. Their 
muscles and tendons are hard. They are light, stealthy and 
noiseless of foot, so that oftentimes the first warning of danger 
that the victim has is the cruel pain of the teeth of the silent 
enemy fastened in his quivering flesh. 

The Lion (Felis leo). The lion is called “the King of Beasts/’ 
He is given this name by those who regard him as the superior 
of all other animals in point of bravery and ferocity. He adds 
to the possession of a fear-inspiring form and the proud mien of 
a monarch, the ownership of a loud and terrible voice, whose 
reverberating roar seems almost to shake the earth. The lion, 
notwithstanding these awe-inspiring characteristics, is not so 
dangerous as he seems. Some animals kill simply for the 
pleasure of killing. The lion kills only in self-defense or to 
secure food. He lies in ambush for his prey. He is nervous and 
easily abashed. He will attack any kind of animal, no matter 
how large. This is remarkable, considering that his average 
height is less than four feet, and his length eleven feet, tip to 
tip. The lioness is not so large. 

At present they are found in Africa and southern Asia. They 
vary in size, color and appearance, but there is not much 
difference between the African and Asiatic lions. The color 
varies from a deep-red chestnut brown to a silver gray. The 
color of the lion, blending so perfectly with the landscape as it 
does, often protects him from discovery and enables him to 
approach nearer to his doomed though unsuspected prey. They 
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have tufted tails, and the male is adorned with a large, flowing 
mane that adds much to the ferocity of his appearance. 

Nero. One of the male lions in this collection, is supposed to be 
the largest in captivity. He was trained for the arena, but 
became so vicious that the keeper could not perform him any 
more, and was then purchased by the Zoo. He weighs over 
500 pounds. At six years of age, the lion has his full mane, and 
reaches maturity at seven years. 

Julia. A handsome lioness captured in Africa when she was 
nine months old. 

The Tigers ('Felts tigris). The tiger is the only rival of the lion 
among the cat animals in strength and ferocity. The tiger 
inhabits India but the largest tigers are found in Korea and 
Manchuria. These animals have a much longer and thicker 
coat of hair than those from the plains of India. The Manchuria 
tigers are hardier than the Bengal tigers, and are able to live 
out of doors all winter with very little shelter. The disposition 
of the tiger is far more ferocious than that of the lion. The 

[ 37 1 



































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Tiger 

latter does not fly into a rage unless provoked, but tigers are 
fierce without provocation. 

The Leopard (Felis pardus ). The leopard inhabits Asia and 
Africa. It is the third in size of the old-world cats. Unlike the 
lion and tiger, it is a tree climber, and preys chiefly on small 
animals and lives where there is a certain amount of scrub. The 
India leopard is not so fierce and has longer spots than the 
African leopard. 

Black Leopard (Felis pardus ). This magnificent animal is a 
variety which comes from southeastern Asia, and is notable for 
its extremely savage temper. Naturalists claim it is merely a 
colored variety of the common leopard. 

The Jaguar (Felis oncd). The jaguar is found exclusively in 
South America. It resembles the leopard to a certain extent. 
It is more clumsy and larger than the leopard, measuring from 
four to four and a half feet from the nose to the root of the tail. 
His head is larger and rounder, and his limbs are shorter than 
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the leopard. Its markings consist of dark rings with smaller 
spots within them. As a rule, it is a sudden, savage animal. It 
appears to approach very closely in fierceness and strength the 
tiger. There are two fine specimens in the collection. 

I he Puma (Felis coucolor). Excepting the jaguar, which is 
found in South America, the puma is the largest and most 
powerful of all American cats. This animal is also called the 
cougar, the panther and the mountain lion. The puma ranges 
from the northern part of the United States to Paraguay in 
South America. 

The Ocelot (Felis pardalis). The members of this species are 
found in Mexico and Central and South America. They are 
called the leopard cat. They are beautifully striped, and much 
larger than the domestic cat. There are several varieties, the 
most prominent of which are the common, the grey and the 
painted. There are several fine specimens of the ocelot in the 
Lion House. 



Leopard 

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Jaguar 

The Hyena. There are three species: The spotted, the striped 
and the brown hyena. They are all found in the warmer regions 
of the Old World. They resemble the dog family, from which 
they are particularly distinguished by having the fore legs larger 
than the hind ones.They are a repulsive looking animal, with dis¬ 
gusting habits. They are scavengers, preferring carrion to fresh 
meat, and only seeking the latter when the former cannot be 
found. They are of a very cowardly disposition, not daring 
to attack any animal, however small, that dares to face them. 

The Spotted Hyena (Hyaena crocuta). Found in Africa, south 
of the Sahara. Its general color is a yellowish brown, covered 
with spots of blackish brown, excepting the under parts. Like 
the other species it has jaws of great strength, with which it 
easily crushes the hardest bones. It is erroneous to suppose that 
the hyena is untamable. Both striped and the spotted specie 
have been tamed in menageries. The striped hyena is also 
sometimes called the laughing hyena because of the “maniacal, 
mirthless, hysterical laugh which it pours forth.” 

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The collection contains two very fine specimens of the 
Striped Hyena ( H . striata). 

THE VIVERRIDAE 

The viverridae include the members of the civet family the 
ichneumons of Africa and Asia, etc. One of the most handsome is: 

The Civet Cat (Viverra civetta). It is a native of northern 
Africa. It is about two feet long and twelve to fourteen inches 
high. Its tail is the length of its body. Its hair is long, and the 
color is brownish gray, banded or irregularly spotted with 
black. A sort of mane runs down the center of the back from 
between the shoulders, and this can be erected at will. The 
perfume of the civets is strong though agreeable. 

The Zibeth Cat (Viverricula malaccensis). A native of India. 
It has more white in its fur than the civet; has shorter hair and 
a greater number of dark rings on its tail. 



Puma 




































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Striped Hyena 

The Genet Cat (Genetta genetta ). Smaller than the civet. A long 
body, short legs, a sharp snout and a slender head are its char¬ 
acteristics. It has smooth, glossy, ash-colored fur, marked with 
black stripes, separating on the sides and uniting on the back. 
Its tail has seven or eight rings, alternately black and white. 

The Common Paradoxure (.Paradoxurus typus). This animal 
is about the size of the ordinary mink. It is partly arboreal in its 
habits. It is a native of India. 

The Ring-Tailed Bassaris (Bassariscus astutus). For several 
years after its discovery, this interesting animal was erroneously 
supposed to belong to the group of civets, but more recent 
anatomical discoveries have led to its recognition as a member 
of the raccoon family. It was formerly quite common in Texas 
and Mexico. Miners and ranchmen tame it. It becomes just as 
much domesticated as the house cat, is playful, and wages 
destructive war on mice. It is nocturnal in its habits. Like the 
raccoon, it feeds on nuts, insects and small animals; classed 
with Viverridae . 

[ 4^ ] 





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The Brown Coati (Nasau naricd). This animal is another 
member of the raccoon family. Its total length, including its 
tail, is about two and one-half feet. It has a long snout which 
serves many purposes. It is a ready climber and always goes 
head first, whether ascending or descending. It is a formidable 
fighter when wounded or irritated. There are two varieties — 
the brown and the red. It is a native of central America. It 
seems to enjoy captivity. 

OTHER INMATES OF THE CARNIVORA BUILDING 

Besides the members of the cat family and smaller carnivora, 
a number of other animals are also kept in the Carnivora 
Building. One of the most interesting is: 

The Ferret ( Mustela furo). This animal is the mortal enemy 
of rabbits and rats, and it is the constant companion of the 
rabbit hunter and the rat catcher. It is a specie of pole cat. It is 
a small animal, but active and relentless in its pursuit of prey. 
It is originally a native of Africa. There are usually two varieties 
in the collection — the white, or light cream colored, and the 
dark brown. 

The African Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). This is one of the 
most interesting of the Rodentia. The name is derived from the 
French and means “spiney pig.” It has its body armed with 
long, strong spines, which it can erect at will, thus presenting a 
“battlement of spears” on all sides when attacked. It is about 
two feet in length from the head to the extremity of the tail. 
The spines are sometimes fifteen inches in length. Some 
naturalists say that this animal has the power of discharging its 
quills and wounding its foes at a long distance, but that belief 
is only a product of the imagination. The collection comprises 
two Javan Porcupines ( Hystrix javanica ) and one African 
porcupine. 

White Haired Porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatus). A native of 
North America and is very destructive to the trees among which 
it lives. Its chief food is bark, which it ruthlessly strips from the 
living branch, as clean as if done with a sharp knife. 

The Binturong (Arctictus binturong). From Malacca; has a 

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Porcupine 

bushy tail, shaggy black hair, and is generally seen curled up 
in its cage. 

The Wild Cat (Felis rujfus). Some of these specimens are at 
times kept in the Lion House. 

The Golden Agouti (Dasyprocta aguti). The agoutis are small 
animals inhabiting South America and the West Indies. They 
are vegetable feeders and do great damage to sugar plantations 
by gnawing the roots of the cane. The hair of the golden agouti 
is thick and falls heavily over its hind quarters, almost conceal¬ 
ing its little, pointed, stumpy tail. The color of the hair on this 
part of the body is a bright, golden brown. 

The Spotted Cavy (Coelogenys pacd). Cavy is a name ap¬ 
plied to several species of rodents that inhabit South America. 
They do not exceed eighteen inches in length. They burrow in 
the ground and feed entirely on fruit and herbs. The guinea pig 
is derived from the species known as the restless cavy. The 
spotted cavy, several specimens of which are in the collection, 

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is very prolific, bringing forth young in abundance. Large 
animals wage destructive war on them, and yet they are still 
numerous. 

Peba Armadillo (Eatu novemcinctus). From Texas. The arma¬ 
dillo belongs to the order Edentata , so called from the imper¬ 
fections of their teeth. They are omnivorous, feeding on worms, 
reptiles and carrion. They are harmless and inoffensive animals. 

The Six-Banded Armadillo ( Dasypus sexcinctus). This is a 
native of Central and South America. It is a harmless animal. 
The armor is similar in all species and consists of large plates 
of horny covering. A series of bony rings overlap one another, 
permitting the animal to move freely. The armadillo is a 
relative of the ant eater and both belong to the order Edentata. 

Tasmanian Devil ( Sarcophilus ursinus). One of the rarest 
and most interesting animals in the Lion House is now found 
only in Tasmania. They have been greatly reduced in number 
by the farmers. These animals are very destructive to poultry 



'Tasmanian Devils 









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and lambs, and in a few years they will all be killed off. Although 
smaller than the Tasmanian wolf, their stoutness and unreason¬ 
ing ferocity render them worthy of their name. Their color is jet 
black with white crescent on the chest and white spots on the 
rump. These animals are the most ill-tempered creatures in the 
animal world, as rage seems to be their normal condition. 

LARGE FOWL ENCLOSURE 

Leaving the Lion House by the east door, the visitor will next 
direct his attention to the large Fowl Enclosure, which embraces 
about three acres. Here are confined a large variety of cranes 
and herons. 

The Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea). This crane was 
named after Henry Stanley, the great African explorer. The 
color of the plumage of this bird is a slaty gray. Its height is 
about four feet. This bird becomes very tame in captivity. It is 
a very playful bird, jumping about, flapping its wings and 
bowing its head in a graceful manner. It is one of the hardiest 
and most satisfactory to keep in a collection. 



Stanley Crane 


( 46 ] 


Crowned Crane 






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The Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina). Found in Africa 
in low marshes. Its food in its wild state consists of frogs, 
lizards, snakes, snails and grass. In captivity it feeds on corn, 
wheat, bread and greens. Its forehead is covered with a thick 
tuft of short velvety feathers of a soft brilliant black. Its hand¬ 
some crest is of a golden hue. The naked cheeks and temples 
are of a delicate rose color. With the exception of its tail and 
wing feathers, the body is a dull bluish color. It stands three 
and a half feet in height. 

The Sarus Crane (Grus antigone). Of northern India, a very 
large and powerful bird. It is inclined to be quarrelsome with 
other birds in captivity. 

Note : All of the large birds, such as the cranes, flamingos, storks and blue herons are trans¬ 
ferred late in the fall to the Winter Quarters, just east of the Club House. 

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Giant Tortoise 


The Giant Tortoise (Testudo elephantina). From the Gala¬ 
pagos Island. 


CAMEL ENCLOSURE 

The Camel (Camelus bactrianus). Directly north of the Lion 
House, down the walk, will be found the Camel Enclosure, 
which contains two fine large specimens of the bactrian, or 
two-humped camel. The common camel or dromedary, with 
one hump, is also exhibited here at times. The latter animal is 
by far the most useful, and a native of Arabia, where it is found 
in great numbers. Arabia is the driest country in the world, and 
the camel can go longer without drinking than any other 
animal, and for this reason can travel in the burning sands of 

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Camels 


the desert for five or six days without water. Its feet are 
adapted for traveling in the stifling sand. Its internal structure 
is such that it can store away a large supply of water before 
starting on a journey. It feeds on the hard and withered 
vegetation found in Arabia. A swift dromedary will travel eight 
miles an hour for a continuous period of twelve hours. 

The Indian Buffalo (Bubalus buffelus). Has been domes¬ 
ticated in its native country, and is used as a beast of burden. 
There are wild water buffalo still found in some parts of India. 
They frequent damp and marshy places, and, because of their 
partiality for swamps, are called water buffalo. 

BEAVER POND 

East of the Camel Enclosure, in the ravine, will be seen the 
Beaver Pond. Beavers are a very unsatisfactory animal to 
exhibit. They are very shy and seldom come out of their house 
until evening. There are generally from two to four specimens 

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in the pond. As a rule, they are short-lived in captivity. Their 
food in captivity is chiefly boiled corn, carrots, bread, apples, 
lettuce, willow, maple and poplar branches. 



THE WOLF DENS 

Few animals have so wide a range as the wolf. They are found 
in Europe, Asia and Africa. In South America and Africa they 
are represented by jackals and foxes. Owing to their wide 
range they vary greatly in size, color and other characteristics, 
and several species have been named by naturalists which may 
only be varieties of the same species. At any rate, wherever 
found, the wolf is in many respects the same — cunning, 
cowardly, voracious. It is one of the most interesting animals 
for the young naturalist, if for no other reason than the fact 
that from its species originated man’s most faithful friend 
among dumb creatures — the dog. 

The Gray Wolf. Wolves cause a great loss to the stock men 
in Colorado every year. The states are offering a bounty of a 
hundred dollars per head for them. In the last few years there 
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Great Gray Wolves 

were 1607 wolves presented for bounty. At that rate in a few 
years the gray wolf will be exterminated. 

The Wolf Dens are divided into four compartments. In the 
first are several specimens of: 

The Great Gray Wolf ( Canis Occident alls). The largest of 
American wolves. Though not so large, it bears a close resem¬ 
blance to the European wolf. The specimens in this collection 
are from Colorado. 

The Prairie Wolf, or Coyote (Canis latrans). Was a familiar 
object on our western plains. It is not so large as the gray 
wolf. Its color is gray — darker along the spine. It has a bushy 
tail and short, erect ears. They hunt in packs and range from 
Mexico to British America. 

The Black Wolf (Canis occidentalis var. ater). Thought by 
some naturalists to be only a variety of the common wolf, and 
by others it is regarded as a distinct species. 














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The Peccary (Dicotyles torquatus). A species of wild hog that 
inhabits Texas and South America. There are two varieties — 
the collard and the white-lipped. The latter is the larger and 
fiercer in disposition. It derives its name from a band of white 
hair that crosses the upper jaw and covers nearly the whole of - 
the lower. The food of the peccary consists*of fruits, grain, 
vegetables and roots. In disposition it is as terrible as the wild 
boar of India. 

THE OSTRICH HOUSE 

This department, while given the above name, also contains 
other specimens. It consists of a series of yards, connected with 
a building in the rear. In the first department is found: 

The Rhea (Rhea americana). This is another member of the 
ostrich family, and does not attain a greater height than four 
feet. It is wonderfully swift of foot, but becomes easily confused 
in the presence of danger. The natives hunt this bird on horse¬ 
back in South America. They use a “Bola,” which is made by 
sewing a ball of lead into each end of a leather cord several feet 
long. They whirl this around the head, and let it fly at the 
running bird, entangling its legs, and permitting its capture. 

African Ostriches (Struthio camelus). In the next two divi¬ 
sions will be found some fine specimens of the ostrich. The 
ostrich proper is distinguished from the rhea, the emu and the 
cassowary by having but two toes on each foot, being twice the 
size of the others; by having the head and neck bare of feathers, 
and by the beauty of its plumage. The brain of the ostrich is 
very small in proportion to the size of that organ in other birds. 
The paraquet’s brain, as compared with the whole body, is as 
i to 45; the eagle’s is as i to 160, and the ostrich’s as i to 1200. 
Inasmuch as it is so foolish as to hide its head in the sand and 
imagine it is safe from the sight of pursuers, it does not seem 
strange to know that it has such a small brain. Ostrich farming 
has become quite an industry in the Pacific States. The first 
ostriches imported to California came from Cape Town, via 
Buenos Ayres and New York. Since then they have farmed 
successfully at Anaheim and Pasadena, Cal., up to the present 


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Ostrich 




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Emu 

time. Ostriches are found exclusively in Africa, and are sold at 
prices varying according to their breeding, capabilities and the 
quality of their feathers. Ostrich eggs require six weeks for 
hatching. The grown bird stands about eight feet high and 
weighs from 250 to 300 pounds. The male bird is black and the 
female light gray. They are very hardy and require no shelter 
in California. During the breeding season the male bird is very 
fierce and will attack people by kicking forward at them. The 

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male gives expression to a sound called “booming,” which sounds 
like the roar of a lion. From forty to fifty feathers are taken 
from a bird’s wing in the plucking season. 

The Emus ( Dromaeus novae-hollandiae) , in the next two com¬ 
partments, belong to the ostrich family. They are, except the 
ostrich, the next largest specie of bird known to man. Large 
specimens attain the height of six feet. They have feathers on 
the head and neck. The plumage is brown. They have three 
toes. Emus pair and the male is quite attentive — even taking 
its turn at setting. The wings are very short and do not assist 
them in running, as is the case with the ostrich. It is said that 
the flesh of its thigh bears a strong resemblance to beef. Its eggs 
are also valued as food. 

THE INDIA SAMBAR DEER ( Cervus hippelaphus) 

It is a large and powerful deer, almost sooty in color, except 
on the root of the tail and over the eyes it is tan in color. It has 
a bristly mane all over the neck. It is vicious and morose and 
inhabits the hilly forests of India. 

HOG DEER ( Cervus porcinus) 

A small deer with well-shaped antlers when full-grown. After 
they shed their winter’s coat, the males are spotted during the 
summer like the axis deer. It is a very nervous animal in 
captivity. 

In the next pen are the African Black-Headed Fat-Tailed 
Sheep. 

ZEBRULAS 

Zebrula Horse ( Equus caballus). Hybrid between the horse 
and zebra. Opposite the Wolf Dens, going south, the visitor 
should take the road leading to the Zebrulas or Hybrid Zebra 
Yard. This animal is a dark bay color with black stripes showing 
the small stripes on the front and side of the head like the zebra. 

THE R/\RE PRJEVALSKY HORSES {Equus prjevalskii) 

These wild horses are from western Mongolia. This species 
of horses are supposed to be the ancestors of our domestic 


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India Sambar Deer 


Zebrula Horse 

l 561 




















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Rare Prjevalsky Horse 


horse. They have no forelock, the mane is short and upright 
and hogged, extending from between the ears to the withers. 
The ears are short. The parents of these horses were captured 
in 1900 by an expedition sent out by Carl Hagenbeck. About 
fifty colts were captured by the wild Khirgiz horsemen em¬ 
ployed by Carl Hagenbeck, but only twenty head arrived in 
Hamburg alive. 

BLACK YAK (Poephagus grunniens) 

The yak, or grunting ox, is found in the mountains of Thibet. 
In its wild state it possesses a sullen disposition, and uses its 
horns with terrible effect. It may be domesticated, however. It 
is related to the bison. It is a very handsome animal, and has a 
proud, erect carriage. It has extremely long hair, which is used 
in the manufacture of various fabrics. Its bushy tail is highly 
prized by the Tartars, who employ it as an insignia of rank, and 
by the Chinese who paint it and use it as a fly-flapper. 

[ 57 1 






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THE STAG OR RED DEER (Cervus elephus) 

This is the noble animal which was formerly so plentiful in 
Europe, and now exists only in greatly reduced numbers, owing 
to the pursuit of it by hunters. It roams the wide forests no 
longer, but many fine specimens are preserved in private parks. 
The red deer is an expert swimmer and good runner. It can be 
domesticated but is of an uncertain temper. The stags some¬ 
times engage in the most terrific combats. 

Coming back to the main walk again and going east, the 
visitor comes to the European wild boars. 


THE WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa) 

Is supposed to be the parent stock of all the varieties of the 
domestic hog. It has a short and thick body, straight ears, black 
bristly hair, and angular tusks which curve out and upwards. 
These animals defend themselves from the attacks of wild 


Black Tak 



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Stag or Red Deer 

beasts by forming a circle, and showing a savage front to the 
enemy. They inhabit Europe, Asia and Africa. 

THE BEAR PITS 

The term Ursidae is applied to a family of animals widely 
distributed over the earth. Though confined to a very few 
species, they are exceedingly interesting because some species 
are very large and ferocious animals, while all possess curious 
and similar habits. Some zoologists claim that the bears are not 
naturally carnivorous; they are so only from necessity. Their 
natural food seems to be roots, nuts, honey and insects, and 
they resort to carnivorous food only when they can not secure 
that which is of a herbivorous character. They will not ordinarily 
attack men, but when they do so, the person attacked is cer¬ 
tainly in imminent danger. The bears are all plantigrade, walk¬ 
ing on the sole of the foot. This enables them to walk on their 
hind feet, assuming an erect position with ease. All bears, except 

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Bear Pits 


grizzlies and polars, climb trees readily. The cinnamon bear 
and the black bear are both North American bears. 

The Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). Up among the snowdrifts 
and icebergs of the farthest Arctic regions is found that 
magnificent species of the Ursidae , known as the polar bear. It 
seldom ranges below the 55th parallel. How far north it may be 
found is not known, but explorers have found it on the 88th 
parallel^ and it doesn’t seem to be susceptible in any degree to 
cold; it may probably occasionally take a contemplative view 
of the landscape while sitting on the North Pole itself. It has 
yellowish-white, soft hair, and an elongated, flat head, long 
neck and legs. Its feet are large, and the soles are covered with 
hair, while its toes are connected by membrane. Thus has 
nature provided for its securing a foothold on icebergs, and 
facilitating its travel in the frozen regions of the north. Some of 
these animals attain a length of nine feet. They feed on seals, 
fish, walruses, etc. It is an expert swimmer, having no difficulty 
in capturing its prey. 

The two splendid specimens were captured in 1919 when thev 

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Polar Bears 

were about six months old. They inhabit the whole of the 
Arctic Ocean. 

The Grizzly Bear (Ursus horribelis). A North American 
animal, and was formerly found in the Rocky Mountain chain 
and among the mountains of the Pacific Coast. It is so called 
grizzly because it has an intermixture in its fur of gray hair 
with black and brown. It is the most ferocious of North Amer¬ 
ican animals and bears some resemblance to the brown bear of 
Europe, but is much larger. 

The Black Bear (Ursus americanus). It is the most familiar 
species in America, where it exists under a variety of names. It 
feeds on berries, fruits and succulent vegetables; it also has a 
penchant for raiding pig-stys. In size and form it resembles the 
brown bear of Europe and Asia, but the color is a uniform 
glossy, jet black, except on the muzzle, which is fawn.colored. 
It is exceedingly fond of honey and will climb the loftiest trees 
in quest of it. 

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Brown Bear 

The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). A native of Europe and Asia. 
It is a savage animal and its habits are solitary. It seeks 
unfrequented parts of the country. For a fierce animal, it is 
susceptible to training, and is frequently seen going through 
mimic performances in the ring, and dancing awkwardly to a 
rude song or a tune played on some musical instrument. In 
order to tame this animal however, it is necessary to capture it 
young and hold it in restraint. Most keepers of such trained 
animals keep them muzzled. The weight of an adult brown 
bear is from 700 to 800 pounds. 

The Malayan, or Sun Bear (Ursus malayanus). The head of 
the malayan bear is not flat, but is rounded above, rising to an 
arch immediately behind the nose. It has a mouth capable of 
great expansion, and a long, narrow tongue, which it can extend 
almost a foot. Its claws are long, sharp, and admirably adapted 
for digging. Its fur is soft and short, black and glossy. It has a 
V-shaped spot of orange on its breast. It is highly susceptible to 
training and when trained is docile and amusing. 















CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


I he Cinnamon Bear (Ursus cinnamomeus). American mam- 
malogists do not consider the cinnamon bear'a distinct variety. 
It is nothing else than a black bear. 

I he Himalayan Bear (Ursus torquatus), This bear is found in 
the highlands of India and South China. It is the handsomest of 
the two Asiatic species. It is a very good tree climber, has very 
large ears and white crescent on its breast. 

Note : The bears in the collection are divided between the pits on the road leading from 
the Ostrich House and wild horses and the pits adjacent to the Winter Quarters Building. 


FOX HOUSE 

This building is divided into two compartments, the one 
containing specimens of the gray fox of North America, and 
the other a number of red foxes. 

FOXES 

There are fourteen known species of foxes. These little ani¬ 
mals are placed in the genus Canis by some naturalists, 
together with dogs and wolves, but more eminent zoologists 
have placed them in a separate genus Fulvus , because the pupil 
of the eye in the fox is elongated, while in the animals com¬ 
posing the genus Canis it is circular. All foxes are more or less 
white beneath, and the tip of the bushy tail is usually white. 
A sharp muzzle, erect, pointed ears, and bright, alert eyes are 
their characteristics. Their food consists of rabbits, poultry and 
birds. The fox is an inveterate thief and wrecks sad havoc on 
the poultry yard. It is exceedingly difficult to capture because 
of its extraordinary cunning. It seems to intuitively guess the 
design of the trap, and to discover it though it be concealed 
with the utmost care. The fox is widely distributed, being found 
in all the temperate and northern regions of the Old and the 
New World. 

HOME OF THE RED FOX AND THE SWIFT 

Here are some interesting species of the Fox family: 

Red Fox (Canis fulvus ). By some naturalists the red fox is 
regarded as only a variety of the common species. Its color is 

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Buffalo 


reddish brown; its hair is long and thick, and the colder the 
climate, the longer and thicker its hair. Its tail is bushy. Its 
valuable fur makes it an object of the hunter’s quest. 

The Kit Fox or Swift Fox (Canis velox). This is silver-gray 
in color, which makes it easily distinguishable from the red 
foxes and others. It also has a broader head, smaller ears and 
shorter legs. It is common in the western States. 

Opposite the Fox House, the visitor can take the steps going 
to the Buffalo Yards. 


THE BUFFALO RANGE 

The American Buffalo (Bison americanus ). The thunder of 
the hoofs of this animal, moving swiftly over the western plains, 
in herds numbering millions, is no longer heard. Like the Indian, 
it will soon be only a memory of the past. Hunting the bison 
was not only a national but an international fad, and they were 
ruthlessly killed. Buffalo Bill and his kind, with English 

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“sportsmen” and American army officers, vied with one another 
in the wanton slaughter. From 1872 to 1874, millions were 
killed, and the pursuit of them was kept up until they are now 
almost extinct. A small band is preserved in Yellowstone Park 
under the protection of the government, and the leading 
zoological gardens of the world have a few specimens. The last 
small herd known in Colorado was shot by a party of foreigners, 
who crossed the ocean for the sole purpose of enjoying the 
renown of a bison hunt. 

Though the bison is a very large animal, sometimes weighing 
nearly a ton, it is exceedingly active, and marvelously fleet of 
foot. Its thick hair and shaggy mane make its body seem 
larger than it really is, and out of proportion to its slender legs. 
It has short, slightly curved horns, which it uses for defense and 
in its search for food under earth and snow. If taken when 
young, bison may be domesticated. The herd in our collection 
contains some fine specimens. 

The number of buffaloes in captivity in the United States in 
1922 was 3503. The number of buffaloes throughout the world 
was 9139. 

Returning from the buffaloes, the visitor follows the roadway 
leading to the top of the hill near the Badger Cage. 

THE BADGER CAGE 

T his contains a number of American Badgers (Meles taxus). 
These animals belong to the skunk family. They live on the 
ground and have great burrowing proclivities. Those at the Zoo 
will dig down to a distance of seven feet until they reach the 
cement bottom, then they will return to commence their work 
of digging over again. They are constantly at work, never idle, 
and are a splendid object lesson for anyone of worthless, 
indolent habits. Its skin is loose and thick, so that the teeth of 
other animals can make but little impression on it, while the 
badger can actually turn itself around and take a bite at its 
assailant. 

THE BARASINGHA DEER (Cervus duvauceli) 

It is also called the India swamp deer. In summer the coat of 

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Baras ingha Deer 

this animal is a golden-yellow color and dappled. It has been 
known to shed its antlers at times twice in a year. 

ALLIGATOR BASIN 

I he Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are found in the 
rivers and bayous of the Gulf States. Crocodiles are natives of 
Egypt, southern Asia and Africa. Alligators are the largest of 
the reptilian order. By virtue of their immense size, muscular 
power, voracious appetite and formidable, sharp teeth, they are 
absolute monarchs of the rivers in the countries which they 
inhabit. Human beings are even attacked and carried off by 
these monster aquatic reptiles. It may be added that its move¬ 
ments on land are quite slow and sluggish. It crawls along by 
alternately moving each leg in the manner of a quadruped when 

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Alligators 

walking. The alligator is very powerful, and in an attack or 
defense uses its large tail. It approaches its prey in the water by 
swimming silently toward it. It is very careful not to ruffle the 
water. It approaches its prey sidewise, the body and head being 
concealed, and, when certain of its aim, it strikes the object 
with its tail, full force, with the circle toward his jaws. As the 
tail makes the stroke the jaws are opened to their fullest extent 
to receive the object. There are several very large specimens of 
the alligator family in our collection. 

THE FOUNDATION OF THE ZOO 

South of the Alligator Basin is the first cage owned by the 
Zoological Society. It was built by order of Mr. Andrew 
Erkenbrecher in 1868 for the Society of Acclimatization. Inas¬ 
much as the Zoological Society originated from this Society, 
this cage may be regarded as the foundation of our beautiful 
Zoo. The cage is kept neatly painted, and is held in reverence 

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First Cage Owned by the Zoological Society 


by the stockholders. It always contains several varieties of 
birds. 


THE PRAIRIE DOG VILLAGE 

The visitor next turns to the right, where he will find his 
attention directed to the Prairie Dog Village, a large enclosure 
surrounded by a fence of iron and wire. The foundation is sunk 
seven feet in the ground in order to prevent the very small 
rodents from burrowing out. This village is divided into two 
parts: The larger part contains the prairie dog proper, while the 
smaller is given over to the mink. The Prairie Dogs (Cynomys 
ludovicianus ) are very interesting little animals. They are 
found in abundance in the west between the Rocky Mountains 
and the Mississippi River. These animals live in large com¬ 
munities in some localities, and the ground is honeycombed for 
miles in extent with their burrows. They are called prairie dogs 
because their cry resembles the short, sharp bark of a small dog. 





CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Sea Lion 


THE SEA LION BASIN 

The Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus). This interesting de¬ 
partment is located opposite the Prairie Dog Village. It is a 
large circular enclosure, sixty feet in diameter. It is enclosed by 
a high substantial fence of iron. A rookery, twenty-five feet in 
diameter, is located in the center. Here are generally found 
several fine specimens. The sea lion is properly known by the 
name hair seal. They are found in large numbers on the west 
coast of California, southward. They breed in captivity and it 
is not uncommon to find baby sea lions in our collection. 
The sea lions we now have were captured at the Santa Bar¬ 
bara Islands, which are located about fifty miles south of 
San Francisco. The mode of capturing these animals is simple, 

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yet very exciting. It is very difficult to capture a large male 
sea lion. Parties desiring to capture sea lions go to Santa 
Barbara, where they engage men for this purpose who have 
had years of experience in capturing them. Four or five experts 
of this character usually approach the animals that are out 
on the rocks near the beach and select from a hundred or 
more the one which they desire to capture. The animals start 
for the water and when they arrive at a convenient place on the 
beach three lassoes are thrown simultaneously, one over the 
animal’s neck, one over either of his front flippers, and one over 
the rear flippers. The lasso over his rear flipper takes away the 
motive power of the animal. The ropes are held by some of the 
men while a large box, which has already been made, without 
cover, is carefully stood on end behind the animal and then 
dropped over him as he lies stretched at full length on the sand. 
Small ropes are worked under the animal and the box, and then 
lashed to the top of the box. At a given signal the ropes are 
loosened, the box turned over, and the animal held on his back 
until the cover is securely nailed down. At feeding time when 
they observe the approach of their keeper the sea lions become 
greatly excited. Their agility as they dart through the water, 
and their reckless plunges from the rookery to capture the fish 
thrown by their keeper, causes the water to splash in all 
directions, and it is not only amusing to see the animals 
capture their food but also to see the spectators get out of the 
way of the water. The rookery is greatly enjoyed by the sea 
lions, who frequently climb upon it in bright days and there 
sun themselves for hours at a time. 


THE RACCOON TREE 

This is always very interesting to visitors. A high wire netting, 
arched with tin, surrounds it so that they can not climb out. 
There are always a large number of raccoons here, and they are 
seen running around over the ground and climbing out on the 
branches of the tree. They are of quite a good-natured dis¬ 
position, and it is quite interesting to watch their movements. 
A description of the raccoon is given in another part of this 
book. 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Raccoon 'Tree 



Kemper Log Cabin 


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Himalayan Thar Goat 

KEMPER LOG CABIN 

This log cabin is the oldest homestead now standing in the 
Miami. It was built by Rev. James Kemper, on Kemper Lane, 
Walnut Hills, in 1804 and was occupied by him and his family 
as soon as completed. This historic cabin in order to be pre¬ 
served, was removed and set up in the Zoological Garden a few 
years ago, by the Kemper Log House and Historic Relics 
Association, which was organized for the specific purpose of 
preserving this homestead, and it is now being maintained in 
the Zoo under their auspices. 

THE HIMALAYAN THAR GOAT (Hemitragus jemlaicus) 

A native of the Himalayas of northern India. A large and 
handsome goat. [ 72 ] 




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SUMMER REPTILE CAGE 

I his is west of the Club House and usually contains several 
varieties of harmless snakes, such as the black snake, the coach 
whip snake, the garter snake, Say’s king snake, the pine snake, 
and the indigo snake. 

The snake family may be divided into three sub-classes — 
the vipers, which possess poison fangs, the harmless snakes, 
which do not possess poison fangs, and the boa constrictors, 
which, though their bite is non-poisonous, are almost as danger¬ 
ous as vipers, because they kill their foes and their prey by the 
constriction of their coils about the victim. 

Vipers have no teeth in the upper jaw except two long and 
poisonous fangs. The lower jaw is well supplied with teeth. Both 
jaws are feeble in action. In proportion to the neck, the head is 
large and very wide behind. To this class of vipers belongs the 
celebrated and dreaded fer-de-lance, also the rattlesnake, which 
is a native of America and which is embraced in the family 
Crotalidae . This is a word derived from the Greek and mean¬ 
ing “rattlers.” Moccasins and copperheads also belong to 
this family. They have two fangs grooved and fitted to dis¬ 
charge the liquid poison which lies in a sac at root of the fangs. 
The rattlesnake sometimes grows to be six feet in length. It 
has a horny protuberance on the end of its tail called a rattler. 
Its whirring noise gives warning of its presence. It is supposed 
that the sections into which the rattler is divided denote the 
age of the snake, but this is an erroneous belief. There are 
fifteen species of rattlesnakes. 

The Northern Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). One of the 
most common of this dreaded species. 

The Diamond Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). Strictly a 
southern species, confined to the seaboard below the Carolinas. 
Its habits differ from the northern, particularly in the fact 
that it is found in damp, shady places. 

The Harmless Snakes. Found in summer in an outside cage 
near the Club House. There are quite a number of these to be 
found in America. One of the most common is: 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


The Black Snake ( Coluber constrictor ), United States. It is 
absolutely harmless, being devoid of fangs, though it frequently 
attains a size so that its appearance is certain to cause a fright. 
It is sometimes called the racer because of its great speed. 
Though not a dangerous snake, it has an irascible temper, and 
will frequently attack the object of its wrath, inflicting a severe 
bite. Its haunts are the edges of streams, ponds and lakes, and 
it is most frequently found in shady places. Being fond of rats 
and other vermin, it is really a useful reptile. 

The Indigo Snake ( Spilotes couperi). The color of this snake 
is a dark indigo blue. It resembles the black snake; however, it 
has a thicker body. Because it frequents the burrows of the 
gopher, it is sometimes called the gopher snake. It is quite 
common in Florida. 

The Scarlet King Snake ( Ophibolus doliatus). Also an inhab¬ 
itant of Florida, though it is found as far north as North 
Carolina. It is usually three feet in length. 

The Corn Snake {Callopeltis guttatus)^ Southern States. One of 
the most handsome of the reptiles. It is common in many parts 
of Florida, though not very frequently seen. It remains in hiding 
during the day, and as soon as the sun sets, it comes forth from 
its hiding place and renders service to man by catching rats and 
mice. Its general color is a rich chestnut red, with patches of a 
brighter and deeper red edged with black running along its sides. 

The Pine Snake ( Pityophis melanolencus). Also called the bull 
snake; is found in the eastern part of the United States. 

The Chicken Snake ( Callopeltis quadrivittatus) . Found in the 
Southern States. It gets its name because of the fact that it is 
an inveterate chicken thief. It enters farmyards and steals 
young chickens. 

Common Garter Snake ( Thamophis sirtalis). These are found 
in all parts of America. There are several varieties. 

The Coach Whip Snake ( Bascanium flagellum). This is 
peculiar to the Gulf States. It is so called because of its long and 
slender shape, resembling the thong of a coach whip. They are 
generally grey in color. 

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The Green Snake ( Cyclopis vernalis). This is closely allied to 
the preceding species. It is also a native of America. Its color is 
grass green and it is singularly active. 

Boas and Pythons. As stated elsewhere, they have no poison¬ 
ous fangs, but are regarded as dangerous snakes because they 
have a characteristic constricting organization. The name of 
boa constrictor is popularly applied to all of them, but true 
boas are found in the tropics of the New World. The most 
prominent members of the constricting reptiles are the Ana¬ 
conda and the Boa of South America and the Python ( Python 
sabae) of Africa. They kill their prey by compression, and the 
articulation of their jaws and lips admit of great distension, so 
that they can, without difficulty, swallow animals much larger 
than themselves. Many strange stories are told of the sizes to 
which they attain, but it is not probable that they are more than 
thirty feet in length. 

THE SQUIRREL CAGE 

South of the Reptile Cage will be found the Squirrel Cage. 
In the collection are generally to be found the Common Fox 
Squirrel ( Sciurus vulpinus ), United States, the Gray Squirrel 
(S. carolinensis ), United States, the Black Squirrel ( S . niger ), 
Canada, and the Southern Fox Squirrel ( Sciurus var ciner- 
cus ), Southern States. 

The gray squirrel is subject to color variation. The black and 
the white squirrel belong to the gray species. Opposite the 
Squirrel Cage is the Summer Garden and Pergola. 

WINTER QUARTERS 

From the Pergola take the main walk leading to the Club 
House. On the east end of the Club House take the walk leading 
to the bridge. Before crossing the bridge, take walk to the left 
leading to the Winter Quarters. This building is occupied in the 
summer time by a miscellaneous collection of fancy chickens, 
pigeons, rabbits and large snakes. 

In the winter the rabbits, pigeons and chickens are removed 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Winter Quarters 

to other buildings, and the cranes, ibis and other large birds 
are housed in this building. 

The large outdoor cage at north end of this building contains 
two very fine specimens, consisting of the black and Himalayan 
bear. The latter inhabits northern India and China. These 
animals were previously mentioned elsewhere. 

On entering this building the visitor will see several varieties 
of rare pigeons, which are as follows: 

The White-Crowned Pigeon ( Columba leucocephala ), from 
West Indies. 

The White-Winged Dove, West Indies. 

The Carolina Dove ( Zenaidura carolinensis). North America. 

The Blood-Breasted Pigeon ( Phlogaenas luzonica ), Philippine 
Islands. 

The Australian Pigeon ( Ocyphaps lophotes). 

The European Forest Pigeon. 

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I he Nicobar Pigeon ( Calloenas nicobarica) from Philippine 
Islands. 

The Band-Tailed Pigeon from California. 

The Fan-Tailed Pigeon ( Columba livia domestica ), Europe. 

The Crowned Pigeon ( Goura coronata) . About the size of a 
guinea fowl. Its fine crest is always expanded. It has a deep and 
uniform slate-blue color. A native of Java and New Guinea. 

The different varieties of poultry usually to be seen in the 
collection are as follows: 

The white plymouth rock, the buff plymouth rock, the silver- 
laced wyandottes, the white leghorn, the single-comb brown 
leghorn, the black minorcas, the partridge cochins, the houdans. 

In the row of cages on the west side of this building are kept 
the Belgian hare, the angora rabbit, the Himalayan rabbit and 
the lap-eared rabbit from Europe. In the adjoining cage are a 
number of domestic rabbits and wood hares. The term grey 
rabbits is very commonly used to designate both varieties. 
The hare does not burrow. 

The Guinea Pig ( Cavia porcellus). The original home of the 
guinea pig is in South America, but it has become domesticated 
in all parts of the world. It is an inoffensive and defenseless 
animal. It is lively, though lacking in intelligence. It quarrels 
with its fellows, but is gentle toward other animals. Though 
called a pig, it is not one. It is a member of the Rodentia. Its 
color is variable — white, red, and black. The bare portions of 
the skin are flesh colored. Its eyes are brown. It has no tail. It is 
a strict vegetarian in eating. 

Opposite the entrance of this building is a large cage enclosed 
with glass. Here are kept the boas and large python snakes. 
The latter average from twenty to twenty-four feet in length. 
The ground color of the boa is a rich brown, and a broad chain 
of rich, blackish horizontal spots and pale white runs along its 
back. These dark and pale spots alternate, forming a very 
pretty costume. Pythons do not differ materially in their 
habits from the boas of the New World. They are found as far 
as the Malay Archipelago and the west and south of Africa. In 
the collection are a number of Tree Boas ( Epicrates ongulifer) 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



that inhabit Cuba, the Common Boa of South America, and the 
West African Python. 

THE GILA MONSTER (.Heloderma s us pec turn) 

Is found in desert regions of New Mexico and Arizona. It was 
for a long time believed to be venomous. The present opinion, 
however, is that while it possesses venomous powers, the 
animal’s bite is seldom fatal. 

THE CARP POND 

Carp, as a rule, inhabit fresh water. They feed on worms, 
insects, aquatic plants and young fish. Some of the carp in this 
pond weigh eighteen pounds. As visitors are in the habit of 
feeding them, they are quite tame and rise to the surface on 
the approach of visitors in anticipation of being fed. There are 
also quite a number of large gold fish in with the carp. 

After crossing the bridge and to the left, are the Zebu Yards. 


Zebus 


[ 78 ] 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


ZEBU YARDS 

Zebus are a curious sort of cattle found in India, China and 
the east coast of Africa. It is probable, however, that their 
original home was India, and that they were afterwards dis¬ 
tributed to the other countries named. There are a number of 
different breeds, and they range in size from a large ox to a 
Newfoundland dog. They vary greatly in appearance. While 
the hump is a characteristic of all, in some of the cows it is so 
small as to be hardly perceptible. In some parts of India it also 
does duty as a horse, being either saddled or harnessed. Under 
such circumstances it may take journeys of considerable length. 

WOODCHUCK AND SKUNK CAGE 

The Skunk (Mephitis americana ), also called pole cat, is a 
common creature throughout America, and is one of the most 
destructive thieves with which farmers have to contend, steal¬ 
ing, as it does, both eggs and chickens. It is rather prettily 
marked with white and black stripes. It has a bushy tail, and 
though small in size, it has the power of emitting an odor so 
penetrating that no amount of washing or disinfecting can 
subdue it. All skunks in our collection are deodorized. In the 
next cage is: 

The Woodchuck (Arctomys monax). The woodchuck is known 
in this part of the country, as the ground hog. Everyone is 
familiar with the superstition which says that the weather for 
six succeeding weeks depends on the ground hog’s seeing or not 
seeing his shadow on the second day of February. The wood¬ 
chuck makes his home on the side-hill. 

THE OWL HOUSE 

The Barn Owl (Strix flammed) from United States. Owls are 
to be found over the whole world. Their habits are almost with¬ 
out exception nocturnal, as they are abroad by night and 
hidden away by day. They are not readily seen. About 175 
species are known, but they are so much alike that our common 

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barn owl is a very good type of the group. It feeds chiefly on 
mice in its wild state. 



THE EAGLE CAGE 

This is a very large and handsome building, divided into 
seven compartments and containing eagles, vultures, hawks 
and owls. All of these birds belong to the order Raptores , or 
Birds of Prey. This order contains over 500 species, and they 
are widely distributed over the world. Their characteristics are 
strong curved beaks, and large, strong feet supplied with 
powerful claws. Most of them are carnivorous, some capturing 
live prey, while others prefer carrion. To this latter class belong 
the vultures, or condor. 

The Condor (Sarcorhamphus gryphus). The condor is an in¬ 
habitant of the great mountain system of South America. In 
dimensions it is the largest and most formidable of the vulture 
family. The expanse of its wings will reach ten feet. When in full 
plumage, the male condor may easily be distinguished from the 

[ Bo ] 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


female by its crest which extends over the top of the head and 
part of the beak. It was long supposed that the vultures dis¬ 
covered their prey at a distance of several miles by sense of 
smell, but it is now generally admitted that they are guided 
chiefly by their keen eyesight. In walking, their gait is slow and 
heavy, and their body is maintained in a horizontal position. 
When about to fly they are compelled to take several leaps 
before they can raise their weight from the ground. The 
collection includes the Pondicherry ( Vulture calvus) and 
Black Vulture ( Catharista atrata). 

The Cinereous Vulture ( Vultur cinerus). This vulture has 
a spread of wings of eight feet and inhabits southern Europe. 

The Griffon Vulture ( Gypsfulvus). Not quite as large as the 
former and inhabits northern Europe. 

Buzzards. They are generally very large and are heavy in their 
flight. The eagles are closely allied with them. The collection in 
the Garden includes the Turkey Buzzard ( Cathartes aura) of 
North America, which is too familiar to be described, and the 
Caracara ( Polyborus cheriway ), which is noted for its slender 
beak and talons. Their prey consists mostly of reptiles and 
insects. They feed on offal and carrion, and in this resemble the 
vultures. Their plumage is brown, marked with white. 

Hawks. The collection of hawks includes the Red-Tailed 
Hawk ( Buteo borealis ), the Red-Shouldered Hawk, and the 
Sparrow Hawk ( Falcon sparverius ). 

OWLS 

Large, soft, blinking eyes, surrounded by a peculiar disk of 
feathers which radiate, making a funnel-shaped depression, a 
small-hooked beak, just discernible among the downy plumage 
which surrounds it, and a round head, are characteristic of the 
members of the owl family, which, by reason of their uniform 
look of wisdom, have been selected as symbols of wisdom itself. 
Almost without exception owls are nocturnal, and their organs 
of vision are peculiarly adapted for such life. They can not 
endure the glare of daylight, their eyes being formed expressly 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


for the dimmer twilight of evening and dawn. Light bewilders 
an owl, causing it to blink uncomfortably and with as much 
apparent distress as a human being brought suddenly from a 
room of inky blackness into the broad glare of the noonday. 
Among the owls in our collection are : 

The Snowy Owl (Nyctea niveo). Which is found in arctic and 
semi-arctic regions. It is a day-flying bird and a terrible foe to 
the small mammals as well as the small birds. It is also a good 
fisherman; it catches fish by skimming the surface of streams 
and snatching them as they rise after food. 

The Screech Owl (Scops asio). This is familiar to all farmers. 
It is about nine inches in length and has buff plumage streaked 
with black, white and gray. It feeds on rats and mice and is 
regarded as a friend by farmers. 

The Great Horned Owl (Bubo verginianus). This is the 
largest owl found in the United States. It is so called because of 
the tuft of feathers on each side of its head. It is also frequently 
called the cat owl, because the tufts are erected at will, and 
when erected, give its head a feline appearance. Its prey con¬ 
sists of young rabbits, squirrels, rats and mice, partridges and 
small birds. It frequently prowls around farm yards and 
carries off chickens from the roost. This owl is rarely seen 
abroad by day; never unless disturbed. 

There are usually from ten to twelve eagles in the collection. 
They are of particular interest to the people of the United 
States because, by reason of their elevated and splendid flying, 
the bald eagle was long ago selected as typifying American 
freedom. 

THE GOLDEN EAGLE (.Aquila chrysaetos ) 

North America. This is the largest and most magnificent of 
these noble birds. It is found in almost all parts of the world. 
Its color is a rich, blackish brown; its head and neck are covered 
with golden red feathers. These give the bird its name. The 
female is generally the larger, sometimes measuring three feet 
six inches and eight feet in expanse of wings. 


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Bald or IVhite-Headed Eagle 











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THE BALD OR WHITE-HEADED EAGLE 

(Haliaetus leucocephalus) 

This bird is so called because of its white head and neck. Like 
the golden eagle, it lives constantly with its mate. Its general 
color is a deep, brownish-black in the adult, though its head 
and neck are still white. Although it is regarded as the emblem 
of the United States, it is interesting to quote what Benjamin 
Franklin said: “For my part, I wish that the Bald Eagle had 
not been chosen as the representative of our country. He is a 
bird of bad moral character; he does not get his living honestly. 
Besides, he is a rank coward; the little kingbird, not bigger than 
a sparrow, attacks him boldly and drives him out of the 
district. ” 


AUTOMOBILE ENTRANCE 

On the left of the Eagle Cage one finds himself near the 
automobile entrance, where some days as many as 800 machines 
come through and are parked inside the Zoo Garden. 

HERBIVORA BUILDING 

On leaving the Eagle Cage, turn west a short distance to the 
steps leading to the Herbivora Building. This is a fine concrete 
structure, of East Indian type of architecture. It is 175 feet long 
and 75 feet in width. The center dome is 70 feet high. In this 
building are housed a number of animals, that belong to the 
order of Ungulates , or hoofed animals. The ox, sheep, goat, 
antelope, giraffe, the ass, zebra, tapir, reindeer, camel, rhinoc¬ 
eros, hippopotamus and elephant belong to this order. 

ELEPHANTS 

There are two distinct species of elephants: The Indian 
Elephant (Elephas indicus ), inhabiting Asia, and the African 
Elephant (Elephas africanus). The latter may be distinguished 
from the Asiatic by the dimensions of the head, which is much 
shorter, rounded and somewhat convex. The ears are of enor¬ 
mous size, covering the back of the head and neck. In the 

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Herbivora Building 


African species both the male and female have tusks, those of 
the male being larger and heavier than those of the female. 
Unlike the Asiatic elephant, the African has three toes on its 
hind feet instead of four. It is also larger in size than the 
Asiatic species. Elephants can not stand cold, and suffer equally 
from excessive heat. In their native element they avoid the 
burning rays of the sun by penetrating into the thickest forest. 
All elephants are fond of bathing, their large body being of 
great advantage to them in swimming. When they swim in 
deep water they erect their trunk through which they breathe, 
and by doing so they have no fear of being drowned. The 
Asiatic elephants are generally supposed to be more intelligent 
and docile, also much superior in strength to those in Africa. 
The average height of the Indian elephant is about eight and 
one-half feet. At the age of thirty years the elephant reaches 
maturity. The period of gestation is twenty-two months. The 
female brings forth only one young at a time. Some authors 
have claimed that the young elephant nurses with its trunk, 

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Elephant 

but it has since been ascertained from reliable authority that 
the young elephant nurses with its mouth, like other animals. 
The young grasps the nipple with the side of its mouth. When 
in danger the mother takes her calf between her fore legs and 
holds it close to her with her trunk. 

With good care, the elephant lives a long time while in 
captivity. Some authors claim they live one hundred and 
twenty-five and even one hundred and fifty years, but it is 
supposed that seventy-five to one hundred years is about the 
life of the elephant. 

The principal food for elephants in captivity is hay, oats, 
bran, carrots, and potatoes. 

Lil. This good-natured old elephant, is now supposed to be 
eighty years old. She was imported to this country in 1892, and 
was purchased by the Zoo in 1913. Previous to that time she had 
been owned by five different shows. She stands eight feet six 

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inches in height and weighs seventy-eight hundred pounds. As 
stated elsewhere, there are two different kinds of elephants: 
One of these is called the African elephant, which lives in the 
dense forests of Africa. The other, which is found in India, is 
known as the Indian elephant. Lil belongs to the latter specie. 

Nubian Giraffe (Girajfa Camelopardalis). Are the most valu¬ 
able animals in the collection. The large male arrived in the 


Giraffes 

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India Rhinoceros 

Garden in 1904, and was about two years old at that time. He 
stands sixteen feet in height, and can reach seventeen and one- 
half feet. There were three giraffes born in the Garden. The first 
one lived six days, the second one lived two hours, and the 
third one born grew up to be a fine specimen. This third was a 
female and is twelve years old now, and stands thirteen feet in 
height. When she was eight months old the mother died from 
fright. Whenever there was a thunder storm, the poor animal 
would stand in one place and tremble all over. The giraffe is the 
tallest of all animals. Its enormous stature is due to the extra¬ 
ordinary long neck and legs. It chews its cud as all horned 
animals do. In its wild state it eats the leaves of the Mimosa; 
its food in captivity consists of carrots, onions, bread, oats, bran 
and hay. When walking it has a stately and dignified appear¬ 
ance, but when it trots it looks very ridiculous. Its mode of 
defense, like that of the horse, consists in kicking with its heels; 
thus it may defend itself against the lion. Its hind legs are very 
light and their movements so rapid that the eye can not follow 


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them. In early youth the hide of the giraffe is a light red, but it 
deepens as the animal advances in age until it becomes a yellow¬ 
ish brown in the male and in the female a brown bordering on 
black. Giraffes never make any vocal noise whatever. They are 
natives of northern Africa. 

With the discovery of the okapi in the Congo forest a few 
years ago, naturalists have now decided that the okapi is closely 
allied to the giraffe. 

India Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Inhabits the plains 
of north-eastern India. It lives amongst jungles and dense 
growth of reeds and grass, which attain a height of fifteen feet. 
Owing to the nature of the country, the India rhinoceros is 
hunted with the aid of elephants. This specie is now greatly 
reduced in number. This is the first specimen to arrive in this 
country in fourteen years. When full grown this specie will 
stand from five and a half to six feet at the shoulder, and will 
weigh two tons. When purchased from the Hagenbeck Brothers, 
April 9th, 1923, this animal was about two and a half years old, 
and cost $10,000.00. 

The Kangaroos stand at the head of the pouched animals, and 
are natives of Australia. There are many varieties, ranging in 
size from that of a full-grown man to that of a rabbit. The fore¬ 
limbs are very short and the hind ones very long. The long and 
powerful tail is used as a means of support when sitting erect. 
When it walks, it rests its fore feet on the ground, bringing its 
long hind legs outside of them. When pursued it travels rapidly 
in a series of jumps, sometimes clearing fifteen feet at a bound. 
The kangaroo is esteemed for its flesh and for its skin, which is 
better than calfskin. Kangaroos are usually found in small 
companies conducted under the chaperonage of an old venerable 
individual. Their food is strictly vegetable. The female produces 
only one young at a time, which she carries in her pouch — the 
object of her constant solicitude. 

These animals derive their name from the Greek word Mar- 
supium , meaning a purse. A pouch is situated on the lower part 
of the abdomen in the female. The young animal being born, so 
to speak, prematurely, is in an undeveloped condition, and is 


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Kangaroo 

at once placed by the mother in her pouch, where it attaches 
itself to a nipple. There are several varieties of kangaroos in 
our collection: 

The Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus ), the Red Kan¬ 
garoo (Macropus rufus), the Bennets Wallaby (Macropus ben- 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 




Zebus 


Water Buffalo 





















CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


netti ), 'he Brush-Tailed Kangaroo ( Petrogale pencillata ), the 
Black Wallaroo Kangaroo. 

The red and the great kangaroos are the largest of all the 
different varieties of kangaroos. When full grown the males 
stand nearly six feet. 

Water Buffalo ( Bubalus carabao). They inhabit the Philip¬ 
pine Islands and are used as a beast of burden in their own 
country. There are wild buffaloes still found on the islands. 

The Zebu ( Bos indicus). There are a number of different breeds. 
They inhabit India and some parts of Africa. In the collection 
will be found a pair of each size. The large variety will weigh 
from five to six hundred pounds. The little dwarf variety 
measures thirty-three inches from the ground to the shoulder, 
and will weigh less than two hundred and fifty pounds. 


The Hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius). It inhabits 



Hippopotamus 






CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Dwarf Donkeys 

East Africa, where they are still quite plentiful. These animals 
are quite inoffensive while undisturbed, but if attacked they 
unite to repel the invader. They have been known to tear 
several planks from the sides of a boat and sink it and then kill 
the hunter. Their hide is very thick, and is chiefly used for 
whips. The Dutch colonists salt the fat from this animal. When 
salted it is called Zee-Koe speck or Sea Cow’s Bacon. In cap¬ 
tivity the hippo feeds on carrots, potatoes, grass, clover, hay, 
bran, and crushed oats. 

Zee-Koe, the 2nd, a young male hippopotamus, was pur¬ 
chased on April 17, 1924. 

Maud, the female, was purchased in 1911, when she was 
about three years old. Her weight at the present time is about 
4000 pounds. Quite a few hippopotamuses have bred while in 
captivity in some of the zoos in this country. There are two 
species of hippopotamus. A small specimen, found in Liberia, 
West Africa, weighs about 400 pounds, when full grown. 

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Zebra 

Llama (Lama glama). These animals have been used by the 
natives of Peru in former times as beasts of burden. They have 
bred several times in the Garden. 

The Alpaca Llama (Lama pacos). These animals are kept on 
the large high plains of that country in half wild herds, which 
are brought together once a year for shearing. Their wool is 
variable in color, being generally black, and is valuable for 
certain use in the commercial world. 

Dwarf Donkey. These little animals at one time were found 
wild in various parts of India, and were usually found in herds 
varying in number from twenty to forty. They average about 
29 inches in height, and weigh about 165 pounds. During the 
summer they are kept at the Pony Track. 

Zebra (Equus burchelli chapmani). Perhaps the handsomest 

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CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


and most elegantly marked of all quadrupeds. The zebra is 
chiefly found in Central Africa. Chapman’s zebra differs from 
Burchell s zebra by its having the legs regularly marked almost 
down to the hoofs. With few exceptions the zebra is nearly 
untameable. They breed in confinement, and, as a rule, are long 
lived in captivity. 

The South American Tapir (Tapirus americanus terrestris). 
Stands between the elephant and the hog. It inhabits the 
South American tropical forests. It is susceptible of domestica¬ 
tion. Its color is a dark blackish brown. It keeps near the water 
and is an excellent diver and swimmer. It breeds in captivity. 
The young are spotted and have yellow stripes. Its nose 
resembles the end of an elephant’s trunk. 

ANTELOPE 

The Nylghaie (Boselaphus tragocamelus). The nylghau or 
blue bull of the natives of India is distributed over the penin- 



Antelope 

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sula from the Himalayas to the south of Mysore, but does not 
occur in Ceylon. Districts of thin brush with scattered low trees 
or alternations of scrub and open grassy plains are the usual 
haunts of this animal, which is rarely seen in thick forest. It is 
generally met with in mixed herds, but the old bulls are often 
found apart, though they occasionally associate together. 

The India Antelope (.Antilope cervicapra). The black buck is 
confined to India, and is one of the handsomest of the smaller 
antelopes. The male’s horns are long and twisted, spirally. The 
first year the young are fawn color like the females, but as they 
grow older they get darker, and finally the upper part of the 
male’s body turns black and the under part is white, giving a 
striking contrast. These antelopes breed freely in captivity. 

African Ostrich (Struthio camelus). In the next two divisions 
will be seen two fine specimens of the ostrich. The ostrich 
proper is distinguished from the rhea, the emu and the cas¬ 
sowary by having two toes on each foot, also being nearly 
twice the size of the others, and having the neck bare of 
feathers. The male ostrich is black and the female is light grey. 

Leaving the Herbivora Building by the west door can be seen 
the Athletic Field and parking space for automobiles. 

THE CENTER LAKE 

Turning to the right the visitor will arrive at the shores of a 
large lake which contains a varied collection of swans, geese, 
ducks, pelicans, cranes, blue heron, gulls, etc. 

Swans. The swan has a long neck. This is because it doesn’t 
dive, yet subsists on aquatic roots, etc. The stroke of his wing 
is remarkable for its power. It is said that they live to be one 
hundred years old. Owing to its beauty and grace the swan has 
been the inspiration of many a rhyme and story. There are in 
the collection four species of swans. 

The Whistling Swan (Cygnus musicus). This is a native of 
Europe. The shape and the color of its beak, which is slender, 
without the black tubercle, and which is black at the tip and 
yellow at the base, distinguishes it from other species. 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



The Center Lake 


The Mute Swan ( Cygnus olor ) from Europe. 

Geese. Like all water fowl, geese are web-footed, and the legs 
are set far back, enabling them to better indulge their swimming 
propensities. This fact, however, makes it more difficult for 
them to walk; in fact, their movements on the ground are an 
unmistakable and unsteady wabble. They don’t seem to possess 
much intelligence, and from this fact originates the expression 
“you are a goose,” as applied to some person who has done 
something foolish. Wild geese, the Canada Goose ( Barnicla 
canadensis ), the Chinese Goose ( Anser cygnoides ), and the 
Common Brant ( Bernicla brentq) are among the collection. 

Ducks. These birds have'short legs; the hind toe is separate, 
and a soft, sensitive skin covers the bill. They have thick 
plumage, and keep it well oiled, so they can dive without 
getting wet. The upper feathers are so close and thick on their 
back as to make them almost waterproof. The water runs off 
their backs without penetrating to the skin. Among the ducks 
at the lake are the Muscovy Duck (C. moschata) of North 

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Canada Goose 



American White Pelican 






CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Brown Pelican 

America, the Aylsbury Duck of Europe, and the Brown Call 
Duck {Anas domesticus ) of Europe. 

PELICANS 

In the pelicans all the toes are connected by a web. They are 
found both in the Old World and in the New World, in tropical 
and temperate regions. They have a large bill, from the lower 
part of which hangs a large pouch, capable of great extension, 
serving as a bag to stow away fish when not eaten when caught. 
It has very regular habits; it starts out on a fishing excursion 
early in the morning, then flies to land, devours its capture, then 
sleeps, then goes out fishing again. In the evening, returning, it 
eats its prey and then goes to roost. This is the regular daily 
round of the pelican. There are several varieties at the Zoo. 










CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


The American White Pelican (Pelecanus thrachrhynchus). 
The most familiar species in America. It is a very beautiful bird, 
and is rarely seen further east than Cape Hatteras. It is quite 
common on the Gulf coast. 

The Brown Pelicans are abundant in Florida, and are widely 
spread over the swamps and large lakes in that State. Their 
food in captivity consists entirely of fish. 

The European Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus). Found in 
many parts of Africa and Asia, as well as in Europe. It is 
characterized by an extremely large pouch, capable of holding 
nearly a half gallon of water. 

HERONS 

Like storks and ibises, are generally large, having long necks 
and tufts of feathers on both sides of the breast and posterior 
parts of the body. When they fly they double their necks and 
stretch back their legs. They feed on fish, reptiles, frogs, snails, 
slugs, and insects. They are often seen standing in the water, 
watching for prey that may come within reach of their spear- 
shaped bills. 

The Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). This is a very 
familiar bird in the eastern part of the United States. It is also 
common in South Africa. It has a sharp, conical-shaped bill, 
with which it pierces its prey. It varies greatly in plumage and 
measurements. 

Cranes. Cranes are found in warm countries. Their migrations 
are long. They have long, slender legs and plume-like feathers. 
Visitors to the Zoo are greatly amused by the grotesque appear¬ 
ance of these long-legged birds. The common crane is about 
four feet in height. There are several species of these birds. The 
most notable in our collection are the Stanley crane and the 
sand hill crane. 

The cranes, blue herons and pelicans are all taken to the 
Winter Quarters in winter, but the other birds remain here the 
entire winter. The ice is kept broken in places for their benefit, 
and sometimes, when the weather is extremely cold, the keeper 
throws straw on the island and they stay on that. 

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CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



One of the Refreshment Stands 


Going west along the lake, the visitor approaches the Refresh¬ 
ment Stands located at the top of the walk from the main 
entrance. This completes the entire circuit of the grounds, and 
it is hoped that with the aid of this guide and information, the 
visitor has found the tour of the Zoo to be interesting, instructive, 
and enjoyable. 

ENTERTAINMENT FEATURES 

The Cincinnati Zoo is the only Zoological Garden in the 
United States combining high-class entertainment features with 
its zoological collection. During the summer months, from the 
latter part of May until the middle of September, the Zoo is 
open in the evening as well as during the day, and high-class 
restaurant service and entertainment features are available. 

ZOO PAVILION. Enjoyable entertainment programs, consist¬ 
ing of band concerts, grand opera and other similar high-class 
attractions, are featured at the Zoo Pavilion during the summer. 


IOI 












CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Zoo Pavilion , Restaurant and Opera House 


Comfortable chairs have been installed and every convenience 
is provided for our patrons. The Pavilion and balcony contain 
1278 reserved seats, with hundreds of free seats adjoining. Our 
stage is completely equipped with modern scenic and lighting 
effects, enabling first class productions to be properly presented. 
Inclement weather does not interfere with restaurant service or 
entertainment programs. 

RESTAURANT FACILITIES. The Zoo Club House is recog¬ 
nized as one of the best in the country from the standpoint of 
attractiveness, environment, service and cuisine, and is operated 
directly under Zoo management. Both table d’hote dinners and 
ala carte service are featured. Facilities are adequate to accom¬ 
modate parties up to fourteen hundred in number. A private 
dining room is available for parties of seventy-five or less. 

On the first floor of the Club House, popular priced a la carte 
service is available, and a self-service cafeteria counter is also 
operated. 

PERGOLA. Tables and chairs are available in the shaded 
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Fountain in Pergola 

Pergola just west of the Club House, which basket parties are 
most welcome to use without charge. If desired, they may 
augment their basket lunches by purchasing coffee, ice cream, 
soft drinks, etc. at popular prices. 

SUN PARLOR. The Sun Parlor, situated on the edge of the 
lake, is open every day in the year, and sandwiches, coffee, soft 
drinks, ice cream, etc. are on sale at popular prices. 

REFRESHMENT STANDS. Sanitary refreshment stands are 
situated at convenient places around the Zoo grounds, and are 
open for service during the summer months. Only quality 
products are served. 

DANCING. The Zoo Dansant, situated northeast of the Club 
House, is operated each evening from 7.30 to 11.30 p. m. during 
the summer season as a high-class dance floor. The charge here 
for dancing is five cents per couple per dance. 

A new maple dance floor has also just been installed on the 
Club House balcony porch, where there is dancing each evening 

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Zoo Dansant 



Woodland Ice Rink 


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CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 

before and after the concerts and opera, as well as during 
intermission, without charge. 

The best dance music available is provided at both of these 
dance floors, and proper discipline is maintained. 

ICE SHOWS. Three ice skating exhibitions are given daily 
during the summer season, at 3.00, 7.30 and 9.00 p. m., at the 
beautiful open air Woodland Theatre, situated southeast of the 
Club House. The best professional skaters in the world are 
engaged to give these wonderful exhibitions on real ice, and this 
novel entertainment is enjoyed by practically every one coming 
to the Zoo. 

MERRY-GO-ROUND. One of the largest and most modern 
merry-go-rounds or carrousels in the Middle West, containing 
“jumping” horses, is situated west of the Carnivora Building 
near the Pony Track. 

PONY TRACK. The Pony Track is situated near the Carnivora 
Building or Lion House, adjoining the merry-go-round. Here 
children may ride around the track on real live ponies. Pony 
carts and phaetons are also provided for those who prefer them. 

BASE BALL DIAMOND. An adequate ball diamond, with 
established base lines, back stop, etc., is kept in good condition 
for use by outings, picnics, etc. 

PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY. The photograph gallery imme¬ 
diately adjoins the Carrousel Building west of the Carnivora 
Building or Lion House. It is open daily during the summer 
months, and good photographs at popular prices may be 
secured while you wait. 

SOUVENIR STAND. The souvenir stand is located in the 
Carnivora Building or Lion House, where souvenirs of the Zoo 
of all kinds are on sale at popular prices. 

FISH POND. An automatic fish pond, where all the thrills of 
real fishing are provided, is situated directly north of the Club 
House, and suitable prizes are given for each fish caught, and all 
who fish make a good catch. 


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CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


HISTORY OF THE ZOO 

1 87 5-1923 

Andrew Erkenbrecher will always be known as the founder 
of the Cincinnati Zoological Garden. From early youth Mr. 
Erkenbrecher was a lover of birds and animals, and manifested 
this affection for our furred and feathered friends by keeping a 
great many bird and animal pets on his farm. A large cage is 
still exhibited in the Garden which Mr. Erkenbrecher formerly 
used on his farm in which to keep his birds, and it is still 
utilized for this purpose. Mr. Erkenbrecher for years previous 
to the establishment of the Zoo had such an institution in 
mind, having often spoken of it to Mr. Florence Marmett, 
Albert Fischer and many others of his business and social 
associates. Prior to the organization of the Zoological Society, 
the Society of Acclamation was in existence. It was at a meeting 
of this society in June, 1873, t ^ iat t ^ le question of a Zoological 
Garden for Cincinnati was first formally discussed. A letter 
from Doctor Brehm, the world famous zoologist, gave rise to 
the discussion which became enthusiastic, and it was resolved 
to call a meeting for June 30th in the Board of Trade rooms, to 
which all persons favoring the establishment of a zoo were 
invited. 

At this meeting arrangements were made for the organization 
of a stock company, and in less than a month afterward a large 
amount of stock was subscribed and a Board of Directors 
elected. At first it was thought that Burnet Woods Park would 
be the proper place for the Zoo, and an effort was made to get 
the city authorities to grant this park for such purpose, but 
without success. 

The present site was afterward purchased. The original tract 
of land embraced sixty-seven acres. It cost a great deal of 
money to grade it, enhance its natural beauty and erect the 
necessary buildings, but the founders were men of means and 
spirit, and every obstacle was overcome. 

The garden was formally opened to the public on September 
18, 1875. But the receipts did not equal the expenses, which 
were great, involving as they did, not alone the preparation of 

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the grounds, the erection of buildings, and the purchase of 
birds and animals at the start, but also the maintenance and 
constant enlargement of the collection and constant improve¬ 
ments of grounds and buildings. And so it was that a large debt 
began to accumulate. This was liquidated by selling off part of 
the land not used, for a sub-division. 

With renewed hope the Garden was then greatly improved. 
The animal and bird displays were added to from time to time 
until the collection in point of variety was equal to any in the 
world. Then the general financial distress fell on the country, 
hard times and dark days came again to the Garden, and 
in 1897 it was found that the debts had accumulated beyond 
any possibility of their being paid by the Garden, and, after 
careful consideration, it was decided to place the company in a 
receiver’s hands. This was done on January 22, 1898. The court 
named as receivers, Hon. Albert Fischer, who had always been 
a staunch friend and supporter of the Garden since its inception, 
and Hon. Gustav Tafel. Later Mr. George Hafer was appointed 
co-receiver when Mr. Tafel became mayor of the city. These 
gentlemen undertook the difficult affair with only one object in 
view, namely, to “save the Zoo.” 

Fortunately, they and others greatly desiring to preserve the 
Zoo to the city of Cincinnati were able to interest a large num¬ 
ber of the most public-spirited citizens of the city, and the 
large amount of money necessary to satisfy the debts (many 
debtors and old stockholders proving to be the most lenient) 
and take the Garden out of the receiver’s hands was generously 
subscribed by these men, who were not looking to their financial 
advantage but to the main object of preserving the Zoological 
Garden, making it one of the city’s chief attractions, and a 
pride to all Cincinnatians. 

As a result, there was organized in 1899 the Cincinnati 
Zoological Company, largely through the efforts of the late 
Mr. L. B. Harrison. The future of the Zoo seemed to be assured 
and another stroke of good fortune occurred in December 1901, 
when Mr. W. Kesley Schoepf, president of the Cincinnati 
Traction Company, which had in that year just leased the local 
street railway system, perfected plans by which that company 


[ 107 ] 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


secured control of the Zoo through the purchase of the stock of 
the Cincinnati Zoological Company. 

The purchase was not completed until early in 1902, when a 
new board of directors was elected and an extensive program 
for improving the Garden was adopted. This included the 
addition of a large number of animals to the collection, the 
construction of the new Herbivora Building, which stands near 
the front of the Garden, being a concrete structure of east 
Indian type of architecture, surmounted by an imposing dome; 
several smaller buildings were also erected and about twelve 
acres of land added to the area of the Garden. 

The work was accomplished under the administration of Mr. 
Edward Goepper, as president, whom Mr. Schoepf induced to 
undertake this position. 

In addition, a new band stand was erected as was also an 
outdoor auditorium, known as the Woodland Theatre, which 
was used in the first instance by the Ben Greet Players and was 
pronounced by Mr. Greet to be the most beautiful spot for 
dramatic productions that he had ever seen. 

The summer entertainment also included concerts every 
afternoon and evening by the best bands in the United States. 

Under the impetus thus given the Zoo Garden increased in 
popularity and importance and not only retained but increased 
its reputation throughout the country, and, in fact, throughout 
the world, and was visited by many more people than ever 
before, including thousands from out of the city and some who 
made special trips from abroad to see some of the birds and 
animals in the collection. 

While the Garden continued to grow, the cost of its operation 
grew enormously, and it became apparent that the Traction 
Company ought not to continue the operation of the Zoo 
Garden. Accordingly, a movement was started among the 
citizens of Cincinnati to purchase the Zoo. The work of pre¬ 
serving the Zoo started with the passage by Council of an 
ordinance authorizing the mayor to appoint a committee of 
five citizens. Mayor Spiegel appointed August Herrmann, 
Andreas E. Burkhardt, George W. Weedon, Samuel R. Meyer 
and Alfred Mack. The committee was organized on February 
22, 1915, with August Herrmann as chairman and Andreas E. 

[ 108 ] 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


Burkhardt as vice-chairman and Alfred Mack as secretary. 

A Ladies’ Auxiliary Committee was also organized, of which 
Mrs. Robert Ralston Jones was chairman. The Committee 
received a proposition from Mrs. Charles P. Taft and Mrs. 
Mary M. Emery in October, 1916, who agreed that each one 
of them would pay $125,000.00 toward the purchase of the Zoo, 
providing a like amount of $125,000.00 should be raised by the 
public, this public subscription to be used to make permanent 
improvements. The original value placed on the Zoo by the 
Traction Company was $375,000.00, but that company agreed 
to reduce the selling price by $125,000.00 if this deal was 
consummated. 

The plan was perfected and the operation of the Garden was 
assumed by Mrs. Taft and Mrs. Emery as of October 1, 1916, 
and the new plan was put into effect by the organization of the 
Cincinnati Zoological Park Association, which was organized 
and assumed the active operation of the Garden on May 1,1917. 

Mr. Charles P. Taft was elected the president of the Asso¬ 
ciation; Mr. Charles J. Livingood, representing Mrs. Emery, 
vice-president; Mr. C. H. Rembold, treasurer, and Mr. 
Charles G. Miller, secretary and business manager, while Mr. 
Sol A. Stephan was retained as general manager. The trustees 
elected were: Mr. Charles P. Taft, Mr. Charles J. Livingood, 
Mr. C. H. Rembold, the mayor of the city, ex-officio , Mr. 
August Herrmann, Mr. Alfred Mack and Mr. Walter A. Draper. 

Another stipulation under the new agreement was that Mrs. 
Taft and Mrs. Emery would each pay one-half of any deficit 
from operation for a period of five years. During the first two 
years of this agreement a deficit was paid, but since that time 
the Zoo has been self-sustaining. While the original agreement 
to meet deficits expired December 31, 1921, it has been renewed 
from year to year since that time. 

The Association is incorporated as “a corporation not for 
profit,” and, therefore, can pay no dividends. Should any profit 
be made over and above operating expenses it must go into 
improvements, animals, etc. Since the new owners of the 
Garden assumed control the $125,000.00 improvement fund has 
been expended in constructing a complete auditorium out of the 
former band stand, in extending the Club House and Restaurant, 

[ 109 ] 


CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


in building a newDance Hall, new Refreshment Stands, Comfort 
Stations, purchasing additional animals, and other needed 
improvements about the grounds. 

A close relation has also been established between the Zoo 
and the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and grand opera has 
been produced by a first-class company organized by the Zoo, 
with a full orchestra of forty players from the Cincinnati 
Symphony Orchestra, the performances of which have been 
wonderfully successful from an artistic and an attendance 
point of view. The Zoo has also taken over the operation of the 
Club House and Restaurant, feeling that it could be made more 
attractive and satisfactory than by being conducted by a con¬ 
cessionaire as heretofore. 



A suspicious looking bottle — but it contains milk 

[ no ] 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 




Reindeer (Rangijer tarandus ) 


Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger) 

[ hi ] 


They inhabit the mountains of 
Roron, Norway. In March, 1924 
the Garden purchased five young 
Reindeer, the first specimens 
shown in the collection. In their 
wild state they live on mosses, 
lichens, twigs and wild berries. Un¬ 
like most deer, the females have 
antlers as well as the males. 


The handsomest of all the nu¬ 
merous species of African Ante¬ 
lope. They are becoming scarce. 
The range of the Sable Antelope 
extends from the northern district 
of the Transvaal to German East 
Africa. 


> 


*. «* IV ”1 























CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Mother and Baby Giraffe. Born at the Cincinnati Zoo on Sept. io> 1910. It has 
now grown up to be a fine specimen and stands fourteen feet in height 

f U2 1 









CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Tug-o-War 



Wire Fence 



Heavy Wire Link Fence Iron Fence 



Iron Work • Pipe Rails * Wire Work • Window Guards 
Galvanized Rust-Proof Fences and Arbors a Specialty ! 

Send for Catalog 


THE DAVIS M SIEHL COMPANY 

4032 HAMILTON AVENUE, CINCINNATI, OHIO 


[ 11 3 ] 





































































































CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



A Foster Mother 


e have been privileged 
to help the Zoo maintain its 
high standard of beauty and 
attractiveness by the appli¬ 
cation of pure paint on the 
Club House and surrounding 
buildings, under the super¬ 
vision of 

ENGELBERT 

the man who 

“Faints houses with Pure Paint" 



\ in ] 












CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



There is more fun in any game 

when the cards are easy to shuffle, easy 
to read, and easy to play. That is why 
people who play cards for recreation 
invariably use Bicycles. Their perfect 
finish, careful printing and durable 
material make them a real aid to a so¬ 
cial game from the first round to the last. 

Send for these books 

“The Official Rules of Card Games”, 300 games, 250 pages, 20c. 

“How to Play Auction Bridge”, 10c. 

THE U. S. PLAYING CARD COMPANY, Norwood, Ohio 

BICYCLE 

PLAYING CARDS 



A mew showing autos parked inside the Zoo 

[ 1151 











CINCINNATI ZOO GUID.E 



Locked out — Looking for Mother 


Phone Avon 1882 


The 


MARSH-MURDOCH 

COMPANY 


Melish and Stanton Avenues 


C O A 

L 

Pocahontas • Crescent • Anthracite 

• Coke 


[ n6 ] 











CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



One of the many Flower Beds in the Zoo. Lake in the background 


TESTED SEEDS 

We furnish the Zoo all their seed 


Emerald 

and 

Shady Place 
Lawn Seed 



Bird 

Houses 

Poultry 

Supplies 


Ask for free booklet 

“ What-Where-When-How to Plant” and, our “ Catalog ” 

228-230-232 East Fourth St., Near Sycamore 


[ 117 ] 












CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Asking the stork for a baby brother 


Shade your verandas and windows from the hot sun 

< \Awnings, Tents and Flags 

The very best quality at very reasonable prices. Phone Main 104-105 
and representative will call with samples of materials. 

THE R. J. PATTON COMPANY 

222 East 4th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 

At Tour Immediate Service 








CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


An old and ag¬ 
gressive banking 
house with a cap¬ 
ital and surplus 
of more than two 
andone-half mil¬ 
lion dollars. 


/the" 


CENTRAL 
TRUST COMPANY 


Savings depart- 




CINCINNATI 
-v . - 


mentpays4%in- 
tereston savings 
and computes 
interest twice 
annually. To 
save is to have. 


TRUST DEPARTMENT 


Acts in every Trust Capacity and gives unsurpassed service 
Oldest Incorporated Trust Company in Ohio. Let us serve you , 



Always at Banquets and Euncheons Eat 



FAMOUS RYE BREAD 

1422-1430 Walnut Street Phone, Canal 1869 


[ 119 ] 


















CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


HAGENBECK BROS. CO., INC. 

Sons and Successors to Carl Hagenbeck 

Live Stock 

The Largest Concern in the World 

Importers of 

Wild and Domestic Animals 
and 

Birds of Every Description 
Fine pedigreed dogs 
including 

German Police Dogs 
and Shepherds 

Repository. 307-311 Newark Street 
Hoboken, New Jersey, U. S. A. 

'Take Hudson Tube 

Twenty minutes from Times Square , New York 
STELLINGEN HAMBURG GERMANY 


[ 120 ] 




CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


This Zoo Guide is printed on 

NORTON’S DULL KOTE ENAMEL 

A medium priced paper ideally suited 
for fine half tone printing 

THE JOHNSTON-ALBERSHART CO., Cincinnati 

“A Good Paper House ” 


JVe Pop ''em *All! 

See us on painting, repairing, seat 
covers, recovering of tops. New and 
old upholstering repaired and rebuilt. 
Limo sections for all cars. 



BUOB & SCHEU, 216-220 Webster St., Cincinnati, Ohio 


D. & H. JACOBS CO. 


Everything in 


Plumbing Everywhere 



Sewer and General 
Pipe Work, Heating 

974 E. McMillan St. 

Woodburn 1036 


[ 121 ] 





















CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


Framed Mirrors 

Retail and Wholesale * Visit Our Showrooms 

H. NEUER GLASS COMPANY 

512-520 Reading Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 
Phones: Private Exchange Canal 6684 



EDWARD JACOBS SONS 

High-grade Plumbing in all its Branches 

N. W. Corner University and Bellevue Aves.. Cincinnati, O. 
Private Branch : Avon 822 


[ 122 ] 







CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


BRAXTON ™ e BELT FOR. MEN 

Made in Cincinnati 

T 3 RAXTON not only fulfills all the requirements of good taste but sup- 
i-J ports the trousers properly without the slightest waistline discomfort— 
the patented Comfort Feature fixes that. 

There are Braxtons for every occasion, all of them with buckles which are 
exceptionally fine exemplifications of jewelry design. 

Braxton, the Belt for Men, is sold by the best men’s shops everywhere. 

THE PERKINS- 
CAMPBELL CO 

622 Broadway, Cincinnati, O 
New York • Chicago 




Harbtooob Jfloors 

Constructed of the finest Hardwoods obtainable , 
laid and finished in a manner that insures long 
service and complete satisfaction. Special atten¬ 
tion given the refinishing of old floors and stairs. 
Residence work solicited in or out of town. 

Stanley JTacotisi Jfloor Company 

974 East McMillan Street • Woodburn 3017 
Cincinnati, Ohio 

Examine the Zoological Garden Dance Pavilion Floor Built by Us 


[ 123 ] 













CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 


OVER 200 YEARS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKING 



PIANOS 

PLAYER 

PIANOS 

GRAND 

PIANOS 

REPRODUCING 

PIANOS 

ORGANS 

HARPS 

MUSICAL 

INSTRUMENTS 

Call or write for Catalog 

THE RUDOLPH WURLITZER CO. 

Stores in all Principal Cities 

121 East Fourth Street Cincinnati, Ohio 

ESTABLISHED IN CINCINNATI 1856 


[ 124 ] 







INDEX 


PAGE 

Aviaries. 23 

Agoutis. 44 

Alligators. 66 

Alpaca. 94 

Antelope, India.95, 96, hi 

Armadillos 

Peba. 45 

Six-Banded. 45 

Badgers. 65 

Bassaris, Ring-tailed. 4 2 

Bears 

Black. 61 

Brown. 62 

Cinnamon. 63 

Grizzly. 6 1 

Himalayan. 63 

Malayan, or Sun. 62 

Polar. 6° 

Beaver Pond. 49 

Binturong. 43 

Birds 

American Robin. 2 7 

Blackbird, European. 2 6 

Blackbird, Yellow-headed. 2 7 

Buntings, Cirl. 2 5 

Buntings, Larks. 2 5 

Buntings, Ortolans. 2 5 

Buntings, Reed. 2 5 

Buntings, Yellow Hammers. 2 5 

Cardinal Grosbeak. 2 5 

Cat Bird. 2 5 

Chewink.. 2 7 

Cowbird. 2 7 

European Starlings. 2 ° 

Indigo Finch. 

Java Sparrow. 2 5 

Magpie. 

Mocking Bird. 2 5 

Nonpareil... 2 5 

[ 125 1 








































INDEX 


PAGE 


Oriole, Baltimore. 27 

Oriole, Orchard. 27 

Purple Grackle. 27 

Thrush, Hermit. 26 

Thrush, Song. 26 

Thrush, Wood . 26 

Weaver. 26 

Weaver, SociabE. 26 

Buffalo Range. 64 

Bison, American (Buffalo''. 64 

Boars, Wild. 5 ^ 

Boas. 75 

Buffalo 

Indian. 49 

Water. 92 

Buzzards. 81 

Camel. 48 

Cariama, Crested. 34 

Carnivora Building. 35 

Cats 

Civet. 41 

Common Paradoxure. 42 

Genet. 42 

Ring-tailed Bassaris. 42 

Wild Cat. 44 

Zibeth. 41 

Carp Pond. 78 

Caw, Spotted. 44 

Cat, Wild. 44 

Chickens. 77 

Chimpanzee. 7 

COATI 

Brown. 4.2 

R ed. 43 

Cockatoos. 29 

Condor. 80 

Cranes 

Asiatic White. 47 

Crowned. 47 

Demoiselle. 18 

Sand Hill. 20 

S arus. 47 


f 126 1 








































INDEX 


PAGE 

Stanley.46 

CURASSOWS 

Crested. 21 

Razor-Bill . 21 

Deer 

Axis. 3 

Barasingha or Swamp. 65 

Fallow, Black and White. 3 

Hog. qp 

Red. 58 

Sambar. qq 

Donkey, Dwarf. 94 

Doves 

Carolina. 76 

White-Winged. 76 

Dromedary. 48 

Ducks 

Call, Brown and White. 99 

Mallard. 16 

Mandarin. 18 

Muscovy. 97 

Pintail. 18 

Ruddy Sheldrake. 15 

Teal, Blue-Winged. 18 

Wood. 17 

Eagles 

Bald or White-headed. 84 

Golden. 82 

Egret, White. 16 

Elephant. 84 

Elk. 5 

Emus . v ... 55 

Ferret.. 43 

Fish 

Carp. 4 . 78 

Gold. 78 

Flamingos. 23 

Foundation of the Zoo. 67 

Foxes 

Gray. 63 

Kit or Swift. 64 

Red. 63 

Geese 

[ 127 ] 






































INDEX 


PAGE 


Canada. 97 

Chinese. 97 

Common Brant. 97 

Egyptian. 21 

Genet Cat. 4 2 

Gibbons. 9 

Gila Monster. 7 ^ 

Giraffe. 87 

Goat, Himalayan Thar. 72 

Gorilla. 9 

Guinea Pigs. 77 

Hawks 

Red Shouldered. 81 

Red Tailed. 81 

Sparrow. 81 

Herbivora Building. 84 

Herons..20, 21, 100 

Hippopotamus. 92 

Hornbills 

Ground. 31 

Pied. 30 

Hyenas. 40 

Ibis, Wood. 19 

Jaguars . . 38 

Kangaroo 

Bennets Wallaby. 89 

Black Wallaroo. 89 

Brush-Tailed. 89 

Great. 90 

Red. 89 

Center Lake. 97 

Kemper Log Cabin. 71 

Kingfisher, Giant. 31 

Kingajou . 13 

Leopards 

Spotted. 38 

Black. 38 

Lemurs. 13 

Lions. 36 

Llama.2, 94 

Macaws. 29 


[ 12B ] 







































INDEX 

PAGE 

Monkeys 

Anubis Baboon. I2 

Arabian Baboon. IO 

Black Spider. I2 

Capuchin. I2 

Green. I0 

Guinea Baboon. IO 

Mandrill. IO 

Marmosets. I2 

Mona. IO 

Pig-Tailed. IO 

Pinche. I2 

Proboscis. IO 

Sooty Mangabey. io 

Vervet. IO 

Nylghaie. gf 

Ocelots. jg 

Orang-Outang. g 

Ostriches, African.52, 96 

Owls 

Barn. yg 

Great Horned. 82 

Screech. 82 

Snowy. 82 

Parrakeets. 29 

Parrots 

Golden Bolivia. 28 

Grand Eclectus. 28 

Green. 28 

Peafowl, White. 14 

Peccary. 52 

Pelicans 

American White.100 

Brown.100 

European.100 

Pheasants 

Amherst. 14 

Golden. 14 

Peacock. 14 

Reeves. 14 

Ringneck. 14 . 

Rufous-tailed. 14 

Silver. 14 

Tragopan. 14 

[ 129 ] 









































I N D E X 


Versicolor. 

Pigeons (see also pages 76 and 77) 

Australian. 

Band-Tailed. 

Blood-Breasted. 

Crowned. 

European Forest. 

Fan-Tailed. 

Nicobar.. 

Passenger. 

Wonga. 

White-Crowned. 

Snow. 

Porcupines 

African. 

White Haired. . .,. 

Java. 

Pony Track. 

Prairie Dogs. 

Pythons. 

Pumas. 

Quail. 

Rabbits 

Angora. 

Belgian. 

Himalayan. 

Lap-Eared. 

Raccoons, Albino. 

Reindeer. 

Rhea. 

Rhinoceros. 

Screamer, Crested. 

Sea Lions. 

Secretary Bird. 

Skunk. 

Snakes 

Black. 

Boas and Pythons. 

Chicken. 

Coach Whip. 

Corn. 

Rattlesnakes. 

Garter. 


PAGE 

• 14 


• • 3 2 
•• 3 2 

■ ■ 3 1 

■ ■ 3 2 

3 2 
•• 3 2 
•• 3 2 
•• 3 2 
•• 3 2 
•• 3 2 
•• 3 2 

•• 43 

• • 43 

■ ■ 43 

• • 34 

.. 68 

75 
•• 39 

• • 34 

•• 77 

• • 77 
•• 77 
•• 77 
14, 70 
..hi 

• • 5 2 
.. 89 

• ■ l 9 

• • 6 9 
. . 18 

•• 79 


74 

75 
74 
74 
74 

73 

74 


[ 13° ] 









































INDEX 

PAGE 

Green. 

Indigo. 74 

Pine. 74 

Scarlet King. 74 

Squirrels 

Black. 7^ 

Fox. 75 

Gray. 75 

Storks 

Black.15, 16 

Marabou. ir 

White.15, 16 

Swans 

Black.15, 97 

White.15, 97 

Tapir. 95 

Tasmanian Devil. 45 

Tigers. 37 

Tortoise, Giant. 48 

Toucan, Toca. 31 

Vultures 

Black. 81 

Cinereous. 81 

Griffon. 81 

Wild Horse. 55 

Wolves 

Black. 51 

Gray.50, 51 

Prairie or Coyote. 51 

Winter Quarters. 75 

Woodchuck. 79 

Yak, or Grunting Ox. 57 

Zebra. 94 

Zebrulas. 55 

Zebu.79,92 


[ 13 1 ] 
































CINCINNATI ZOO GUIDE 



Home Office Building 

The Union Central Life Insurance Co. 


of Cincinnati 

John L. Shuff, Mgr. Home Office Gen. Agency 
C. J. Stern, Gen. Agt. 








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